Adversity in ‘Lord of the Flies’ Essay

Adversity is presented in many forms during ‘Lord of the Flies’ for the main character Ralph. It comes not only in the form of other people but a corruption of what society the boys on the island have managed to hold onto. One of the strongest forms of adversity came in the form of a strong and outspoken boy Jack; Jack often overwhelms and disregards things that Ralph, the chief of the boys on the island, has said to be done. Ralph, we can see, struggles to hold his control over the group of boys when Jack refuses to believe the importance of these jobs. Ralph’s biggest struggle against adversity against Jack happens during a time of panic and distress. We know he struggles for power as Jack ‘interrupted’ him, use of the word ‘interrupt’ shows that there is no respect between the two of them. As there is no respect, especially for the chief of the tribe, it causes adversity between the more outspoken members of the tribe and Ralph because they believe they can override his authority. Here Golding explores adversity through his language choices. His language choices can be very important when portraying adversity within the group of boys; certain words portray different levels of adversity for example ‘mutinously’ shows that there is a high level of adversity as the boys are unhappy with the situation they are in. Golding also explored adversity through the emotional turmoil of being on an adult-less island. Without adults, the children have no boundaries and therefore have to understand for themselves the boundaries of adult life; what is socially acceptable and unacceptable. They did this by making mistakes and learning from them, they do everything they to keep what society has instilled upon them; with rules and roles in their society. They have had to grow up and overcome the adversity by becoming adults and learning to survive and fend for themselves and the littluns by building their shelters and learning to hunt and ‘kill the pig’. He has explored the struggle of adversity particularly well through Ralph, this is because it easy to see how well he steps into the role of chief and protector of the group, he overcomes the adversity of growing into adult thought well. He understands what the basics are as he knows they need food, hygiene for safety and smoke signal for passing ships to see, this is obvious because he knows they need a smoke signal or they ‘will die’. One of the biggest forms of adversity with which the boys struggled was undoubtedly learning to cope and overcome the fear the littluns had instilled upon themselves associated with ‘the beast’. Golding does this by changing the way Ralph handles the crisis and changing his basic survival instincts back to that of the society the boys have left behind and learn to be compassionate towards the obviously scared young boys. This is obvious because throughout the book Ralph has been harsh, we can see this most in the first few chapters where he himself is obviously scared at the prospect of surviving with no adult help or guidance, we can see this through the way Golding has made Ralph speak and react to the other characters, such as his harshness to another key figure in the book, Piggy. An example of this is the fact that Ralph continuously tells Piggy to ‘Shut up’. However, when he understands the littluns fear of ‘the beast’, his tone softens and he understands that they need to be protected and looked after to feel safe, this is obvious because he made sure that a bigger child was there to look after them when all of them go on hunts, this shows that they have overcome their instincts to look after only themselves. However, they overcome the adversity of adjusting to life in fear of ‘the beast’ very well. They adjust everything about the way they were living, moving the fire to their beach instead of leaving it on top of the mountain where they knew the beast was. We can see he is doing this for the protection of everybody as they do it so they ‘needn’t go near-‘. The use of the word ‘needn’t’ in this context shows that Ralph is protecting the group because he’s keeping them out of what they believe to be harm’s way.

London Jets

Questions for the London Jets Case Download the file LondonJets. xls, available on the course website. I. Perform RFM Analysis: (recency, frequency, monetary (total sales) analysis) as indicated on page 3 of the case; steps for RFM are given on page 8 of the case (I have provided one approach on page 3 of this document). Use pivot table with Frequency and Monetary value for rows and Recency for column. Data field should be Count of CustID. Important Note — The format for this table is shown on the next page; use this format for your RFM table. Please provide a brief interpretation for the RFM analysis – assume you are the consultant to London Jets; how would you explain what the numbers in the pivot table mean (keep the discussion brief; each and every entry need not be explained). II. Additional Analysis: Do two additional sets of analysis beyond RFM. As an example, you may want to analyze attendance patterns for Fan Club Members versus non-members to see if there is any merit in increasing the size of this club (this would count as one analysis). There are several different variables in the database, and as such there are lots of ways in which the data can be analyzed. Think about the issue London Jets is facing – how to increase attendance – and let this objective drive your analysis. For each additional analysis undertaken by your team, provide a rationale as to why should London Jets consider the customer segment you are analyzing. Please also be sure to briefly explain the outcome of your analysis (what did you learn for your analysis, and how London Jets can benefit from this analysis). What to submit? Please submit one hard copy of the report per team. List the last names of team members on the cover page in alphabetical order. Prepare your report in power point such that it could be presented to London Jets’ management (although your team will not be asked to present the report). Your report should end with a Conclusions page where you draw conclusions from all the analyses you have done, and recommended actions London Jets can take to increase attendance to its games based on your work. Please make sure that the report is contained within a maximum of 12 pages (slides) including the title and conclusions pages. Team work models I have seen two models of team work. The first and more commonly used model is where the team divides the workload and each member is responsible for completing their share of work. These disparate pieces are put together as a report. The obvious advantage of this approach is that the work is divided evenly among members. The drawback of this approach is that sloppy work by one or more team members adversely impacts the score of those who put in good work. Additionally, if someone in the team does not take the trouble to integrate the disparate pieces, the end result can be a report that appears disjoint (i. . made up of pieces that do not flow well together). The second, less common approach is where each member provides input on every aspect (question) of the case. Compared to the approach described above, the second approach certainly requires more time from each member. The advantage however is that often the best ideas (i. e. responses to case questions) make it into the report, resulting in a higher quality of sub mitted work. Important Note — This note applies for all cases done in this class. I cannot entertain questions such as â€Å"Professor, please take a look at what we have so far and let us know if we are on the right track†. Teams are expected to work on each case independently. Taking necessary decisions in situations where there is no clear consensus is a part of team learning process. [pic] Learn more about RFM here: http://searchcrm. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid11_gci751219,00. html Steps for creating RFM table for London Jets Step 0 — Start by creating a column with 3000 entries such that the first 600 entries are 5s, followed by 600 4s, 600 3s, 600 2s and 600 1s. With copy and paste, this takes  less than  2 minutes and I can gladly show you how. Here are the remaining steps for assigning RFM codes to the London Jets. Step 1 — Sort the entire data on recency of attendance so that customers that attended the games most recently will be on the top of the list. Add a new column to the data labeled R, where you copy and paste the column created in step 0. Step 2 — Sort the entire data, including recency codes assigned in step 1, on the basis of frequency of attendance such that customers with the highest frequency of attendance are at the top of the list. Add a new column to the data labeled F, where you copy and paste the column created in step 0. Step 3 — Sort the entire data, including recency codes assigned in step 1 and frequency codes assigned in step 2, on the basis of  monetary spending such that customers spending the most are at the top of the list. Add a new column to the data labeled M, where you assign first 1000 hundred customers a  M code of 5, the next 1000 a code of 4, and the last 1000 a code of 3. You are done assigning codes at the end of step 3, and are ready to create the RFM table.

Analysis of Sophocles’ Creon in Oedipus the King Essay

Sophocles is considered one of the most profound and best tragedians in the Ancient Greek. Sophocles came from a wealthy family and was highly learned and skilled. At young age, he had already seen many plays that were exhibited in ancient Greek theatres during his time. One of his favorite dramatist-writer was Aeschylus, whom he had replaced after a few years. Sophocles had written many plays; scholars estimated that he had written about one hundred and twenty plays yet only a few of them had remained in complete form. Yet, those plays were enough to define the immense tragedian behind the great works that were still venerated today. However, the reasons behind the popularity of Sophocles were due to his style and wit; and as many chroniclers asserted, he always surprised the audience. The plays of Sophocles were mythical and dealt with society- deviant ideas. He also asserted in his plays the act of fate in one’s life, even though many linguists had described this as force coincidence. Moreover, one of the immortal characters, aside from King Oedipus in the famous trilogy of Sophocles, was Creon. Creon was Jocasta’s brother and one of those who held the Theban throne. Laius, the King of Thebes had entrusted the throne to Creon while he was in Delphi to confer with the oracle. Meanwhile, the Sphinx and its spell had assailed the city. Creon, learning that Laius was dead, had offered the hand of her sister, Jocasta – the queen, to anyone who could solve the puzzle. Oedipus, the son of Jocasta who fled from Corinth had solved the puzzle of the Sphinx and was married to his mother. Creon had been instrumental in the fulfillment of the prophecy about Oedipus. Yet, Creon was unaware that Oedipus was the son of her sister. Moreover, Creon yielded the throne to Oedipus. He helped Oedipus in establishing and in strengthening the kingdom. He had been a constant adviser to Oedipus and had been his counter-ego. Creon was liked a brother to Oedipus that he had helped him in those troubled time where the latter was in the midst of discovering that the prophecy which he tried to escape had occurred to him. Yet, in Oedipus the King, Creon had been faithful to Oedipus. He had referred him to Teiresias, the blind prophet in order to know the cause of the plaguing of the city. However, they had known from Teiresias that the reason was Oedipus himself. Nonetheless, Oedipus had accused Creon of treason and conspiracy. Yet, Creon had denied the allegations of Oedipus, pointing out that he would not benefit in overthrowing him. Yet, Oedipus had known that the statements of Teirisias were true, so he requested Creon to put him to incarceration and exile to stop the plague that had been attacking the city. Meanwhile, he also had surrendered the throne to Creon and the latter had accepted Moreover, the character of Creon, in the play Oedipus the King by Sophocles, had been often contrasted to the character of Oedipus. Oedipus was rude in manners while Creon was temperate and kind. Oedipus was rough while Creon was gentle. Oedipus easily jumped into conclusion while Creon was somewhat logical and rational. Even though Sophocles’ Creon in Oedipus the King was mythical yet that was the ideal characteristic of a king. They should always consult the prophets and the oracles. That was the reason why Creon had consulted Teiresias, the blind prophet, regarding the plague that had been attacking the city. Yet, Oedipus was a very stubborn king. He did not believe the assertions and claims of Teiresias. He tried to assert his own will and his own power as a king. Yet, Creon had been his counsel and after realizing his follies he had yielded the throne to Creon and imposed a self-exile to him. The Creon in Sophocles’ Antigone was very different from the Creon in Oedipus the King. Even though considered as a sequel to Oedipus the King, scholars had noted a large degree of changes that had occurred to Creon in Antigone. Creon had been considered as a harsh and tyrannical character in Antigone. Yet one of the most enduring character of Creon in Antigone and Oedipus the King was his loyalty to the country. He considered sacrifice of self for the security and betterment of the state as the highest form of honor and service to the country. Yet, he was the one who sought forgiveness in the last part of Antigone, when his son had died due to his decree. Therefore, Creon in the plays of Sophocles had shown the characteristics of a good king. He had been loyal and honest to his country. He upheld the laws and the edicts strictly. He honored the gods and the deities. He honored those who served their countries well and despised those who serve as threats to the country. He had been a good family man. He was not stubborn yet he followed the orders of the prophets and the oracles. He was religious and pious. Yet, even though Friedlander (1999) had asserted that Sophocles plays were not â€Å"family entertainment,† yet the variety of characters and the style was outstanding. The way Socrates projected his play had always attracted audiences, both in his time and in the modern times. He was very creative just like the varied, changing and unique characters like Creon that he had created. References Friedlander, E. R. (1999). Enjoying â€Å"Oedipus the King† by Sophocles Retrieved May 22, 2007 from http://www. pathguy. com/oedipus. htm Sophocles. (2006). Oedipus the king. New York: Filiquarian Publishing.

Business Data Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Business Data Analysis - Essay Example The purpose of this report is to conduct the data analysis for the company’s business data analyst. In order to conduct this data analysis techniques such as sampling of data, finding out of the mean, mode, median , construction of histograms and other graphs, resolution of standard deviation and cumulative frequency upon samples of data would be implemented. The application of analysis techniques upon samples of data would enable the analyst to assess whether the company was prospering or not. The resultant of the analysis would also be an account of the future standings of the company if the present management strategies are maintained. The results of the data analysis would enable the analyst to suggest to the company’s ownership what course should their management strategies take in order to achieve maximum profits in the future. INTRODUCTION Laurel McRae, an experienced data analyst and strategic planner was assigned to conduct a comprehensive quantitative analysis based on statistical measures for Handy Hydraulics. Working for more than 20 years HH Industries has a long history of distribution. It started its operations as a family-owned business of the Douglas family, tracked down part sources, resold directly under the manufacturer’s name, or resold packaged individual parts into repair kits in its own name. During its initial five years business of the industry grew steadily; emphasis given on word of mouth and market niche. However, little marketing provided healthy startup for the organization. Its sales were limited within its headquarters Florida expanded to Alabama and Georgia by 1974 after it produced its first catalogue. Later in late 1970s and early 1980s the prospective customers spread grew up with the outreach of over 25,000 people by use of â€Å"Brute-force† marketing by the company. But this expansion couldn’t be controlled by the typical family-owned company, and Handy Hydraulics had to be sold to BMP e nterprises (the present parent company). Mr. Douglas remained its president on a contract of 3-years. Emphasis been paid on investing in opening warehouses in Arizona and Ohio in 1985 and 1986 respectively, but neglected the importance of increased competition, management strategies and new technologies, etc. Consequently business couldn’t gain from divestiture. Over the next three years significant changes were brought in when Hal Rogers took office of Handy Hydraulics in 1988 after the retirement of Mr. Douglas. Hal Rogers paid attention on sales, extensively high payrolls and operating expenses by closing the unfruitful walk-in parts counter, and installing toll-free customer order numbers and updating the company’s catalogue into a â€Å"throwaway† version with more concise representation of company’s products and finally changing the name to HH industries. It was essential that the effects of the steps by the new president be taken into account so th at analysis could be made about those decisions. In order to analyze clearly what effects would the changes produce on the industry’s current processes it was required that the data analyst should be able to produce analytical reports. These analytical reports would be made using all the raw data available with the company. Presentation of these reports to the higher management would enable them to decide future strategies. This is possible because the analytical report

Confidentiality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Confidentiality - Research Paper Example xviii ). They fear that they will be considered weak and dependent if they show their ‘real’ feelings to others (Aveline, 1997, p. xviii ). Hence, the only option that remains with them is to seek professional counseling to heal themselves from psychological and emotional problems. The assurance that the intimate emotions and thoughts they share with the counselor will remain confidential, is a huge driving force behind people going for counseling. Hence, confidentiality is one of the strongest foundations of the relationship between the counselor and the client and hence, the counselor should take every care to maintain confidentiality. Only confidentiality assures open and positive involvement of client in the counseling process. However, the concept of ‘confidentiality’ has a potential to create huge ethical dilemma in the mind of a counselor. Hence, the true test of counseling profession comes when counselors face the ethical dilemma of confidentiality, and only those counselors are considered competent and efficient who know when to follow the code of confidentiality, and know when to breach it. Definition ‘Confidentiality’ in counseling has wide range of ethical aspects attached to it. To honor and maintain ‘confidentiality’ in the process of counseling, it has to adhere to certain requirements regarding the information discussed in the counseling sessions. ‘Confidentiality’ is an agreement between the counselor and the client that the information and the learning that takes place in the session will not be disclosed to anyone outside the session by the counselor (MacLennan & Dies, 1992, p. 88). When the information given by client is kept secure and its disclosure is controlled by the counselor, then it can be said that he is maintaining confidentiality in the counseling (Bond & Mitchels, 2008, p.13). However, the requirement of ‘confidentiality’ does not end here. Maintaining ‘confidentiality’ in the counseling process also requires the counselor not to disclose to anyone that the client is undergoing counseling or therapy (McLeod, 2004, p. 102), as this information can harm the reputation and social position of the client. Even though people take counseling because they are not able to fulfill different roles in their lives properly, they wish to portray socially that they are functioning efficiently in every aspect of their lives (Bond & Mitchels, 2008, p.15). Hence, as there are high stakes attached to the importance of confidentiality in counseling, it has become a legal duty of the counselor to keep client’s information safe (Corey, 2009, p. 41). Moreover, confidentiality is considered a core of counseling as it helps in creating the most important aspect of counseling and that is, a feeling of trust. Importance Of Confidentiality People seek counseling when they are in psychological and emotional distress. They approach counselo r only when they realize that they won’t be able to handle the situation, or find the solution to their problem, on their own. However, discussing personal matter with a ‘stranger’ is not an easy thing to do. Hence, the client’s right to privacy gave birth to the concept of confidentiality in the field of counseling and psychotherapy (Corey, 2009, p. 41). Even in case of group counseling, sharing the personal information of the client with others in group without his permission can be destructive and damaging to the relationship and the goals of counseling

China (1000-1600CE) economic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

China (1000-1600CE) economic - Research Paper Example Moreover, the production of coal was also increased and this was because an estimated one million households were using it every day for heating purposes.1 In those centuries, the light industry also continued to prosper in China and it included the making of porcelain, the building of ships and the textile industry. The making of textiles especially grew considerably and many families worked in this industry and depended on it to make a living.2 The rate of urbanization also increased as people realized that it was in the cities that wealth could be made. Several industries were heavily regulated by the government and these included the production of sulphur, which was a crucial ingredient in the production of gunpowder, which was then a new weapon component. The other industry that was under the government monopoly was the tea industry, whose revenues the government used to fund the equipment of its military. As for agricultural development in that period, there were great agricult ural advancements and this was because the government encouraged and sponsored irrigation projects, which increased the amount of land that could be cultivated. Furthermore, the government often encouraged the peasants to cultivate more land so that they could produce enough food for themselves and the surplus could be kept for emergency purposes. A large variety of crops were cultivated and these included rice, which was a staple, and other specialized crops such as oranges and sugarcane which tended to be planted alongside rice. Many peasants sold the surplus of the food they had produced, and they further added to this income through the making of sculptures among other handicraft, and this ensured that they had a steady income to enable them to live comfortably. It was during this period that a new breed of rice, called champa, was introduced in China, which had more yields than the other types of rice planted before, and this ensured the food security of the entire population o f this state for a long time to come.3 The structure of agricultural production also changes in such a way that, whereas before agriculture had either been dominated by the land owning aristocracy or self-sufficient peasants, in this period, agricultural production came to be dominated by a non-aristocratic land owning class. In this system, most of the farmers did not own the land, which they farmed, and instead, they were tenants to these new landowners. Commercial development. The merchant class of this time had become more sophisticated than its predecessors and not only was it well organized, but it was also very much respected in the Chinese society. These merchants through their business ventures managed to accumulate great wealth and it is said that this wealth even rivaled that of the educated class government officials. Many merchants were members of guilds, which were organized according to the sort of products they put on the market. Those tended to set the costs of the particular products that they sold.4 In the urban areas of China, the privately owned businesses dominated the markets in these cities. The most successful businesses in this period tended to be family owned enterprises and these experienced a fair amount of success as the quality of products from particular businesses was well known by their customers. The government’s lifting of all restrictions to trading activities greatly enhanced the

Accounting Scandal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Accounting Scandal - Research Paper Example Olympus took advantage of the absence of the accounting rules for marking to market. There were unrealized losses related to investment values. Olympus paid high amounts in the form of goodwill during the acquisition transaction. In actual, this goodwill was the loss on securities investments. Subsequently, the goodwill (losses) was amortized. This amortization allowed the company to spread its losses over several accounting periods (Olympus Corporation - The Third party Committee, 2011). The fraud could have been detected earlier if the auditors of Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler (KPMG) and Ernst and Young (EY) had acted with due diligence and care. If they had exercised professional judgment, then the critical determination and assessment of investment transactions would have brought this fraud to light earlier than 2011. The newly appointed Chief Executive of Olympus was in a position to detect the severity of transactions at an early stage of his tenure then the question arises that why could not the auditors detect this fraudulent transaction? As a result of this fraud, three executive of the company were fined for 700 million Japanese Yen. Furthermore, six banks sued Olympus for about $273 million. These damages were filed for the losses that these banks incurred as a result of a drop in the company’s stock price after the 13-year old fraud was discovered (Bloomberg, 2014). This accounting scandal relates to the Futures Trading Company that perpetrated a fraud of $211 million. The fraud was committed by intercepting the bank confirmation process. The fraud continued for 20 years. Initially, when banks did not have the facility of any online confirmation, Russell Wasendorf Sr., who was the CEO of the company, changed the address of the bank’s branch. When the confirmation was received, he then forged the address the bank’s branch and replaced it with the

Phoenix air pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Phoenix air pollution - Essay Example I am very convinced that we are all after the same goal, which is to have a pollution free air. We now have to find a common ground to thread. I believe I have a proposal that will bring everyone on board. To solve this problem, we first have to accept that a problem does indeed exist. The most noticeable constant in the skies of Phoenix is the blanket of smog hovering up there. This smog extends to the wider regions of Maricopa County. The sky that is constantly heavy with cloudy dense smog that sometimes results in poor visibility. To put this into perspective, we have to look at statistics on the pollution levels. A survey on the quality of air in Phoenix done The American Lung Association found that the Air Quotient Index is at a staggering high at 57%(areavibes.com).The Air Quotient Index (AQI) refers to an average value that considers harmful pollutants in relation to its impact on the health of the people. This is way above the national index by 172.9 % ( arevibes.com). EPA us es this AQI when enforcing the Clean Air Act. EPA has classified these results into five major categories in relation to the pollutants. These are: nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ground level ozone, particulate matter and carbon. With these as guidelines, EPA in conjunction with ALA has made great strides in relation to the air quality in Phoenix. Another parameter used in the determination of the quality of air is the pollution index. This is the sum of all harmful and hazardous pollutants shown in pounds. The pollution index of Phoenix Arizona is at 46.6%. The main pollutants here are arsenic, benzene, lead, mercury and carbon tetrachloride. These pollutants have long term health implications for the inhabitants of this area. Consequently, Phoenix and the regions of the greater Maricopa County lie in a valley. Winds blowing across this area are mostly too weak to blow away the pollutant. This creates a scenario where all polluted air produced is trapped within the valley and pu t back into circulation. The smoke from factories, vehicles and other emissions accumulate and deplete the ozone layer. The ozone layer shields us from the unsafe rays of the sun. When depleted, the protection reduces and this increases chances of developing cancer. The accumulation of these toxins leads to the formation of the dense cloud of smog, which is synonymous with Phoenix. Another thing, which worsens the pollution levels, is the type of weather experienced in the Arizona area. The hot desert climate of Arizona increases the rate at which the smog is formed leading to even more hazy skies (Gulbinas 4). Air pollutants are grouped into two categories: primary pollution brought about by carbon monoxide, etc. Its pollution is direct in nature. Secondary air pollution occurs when some particles react with other particles to cause pollution. A good example will be rain and sulfur which form sulfurous acid. (Gulbinas 1). In depth analysis shows that hydrocarbons are a major source of cancer especially lung cancer. Ground level ozone forms when nitrogen in the atmosphere reacts with rainwater. (Gulbinas 7) .As earlier stated

Preston City Council. Effects of Motivational Theories Essay

Preston City Council. Effects of Motivational Theories - Essay Example H. 1943. â€Å"A Theory of Human Motivation.† Psychological Review. Volume 50, pp. 370-396. 47 CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Summary The large size of several firms creates problems when trying to evaluate the levels of motivation of the employees working in them. Most organizations today have started considering employee empowerment a significant factor in human resource management. They show this by increasing the responsibility they assign each individual with, as well as giving him or her more power in some situations. They are also increasingly aware of the importance of motivation in the work force. This importance increased when employees started receiving additional responsibilities, thus affecting the organizations with this characteristic of motivation in many different ways. Dedicated and hardworking employees are majorly the reason for success of an organization, whereas this productivity is itself a function of motivation. 1.2 Introduction This research begi ns by introducing the idea of ‘motivation’, and the several motivational theories, which often affect the workings of employees of public sector firms. Experts believe in a strong relationship between management success and employee motivation. Thus, motivation is a key factor, which helps maintain a firm’s success and keep its performance in check. Absence of such motivation would mean less success for the organization. Thus, this investigation will at all points during the discussion, focus on the effects that motivational theories have on a public sector organization and the employees that work for it. Before the importance of including a human element in the treatment... The researchers used both primary and secondary data for research, using questionnaires to collect the data, which they later presented in the literature review. The primary research employed the use of a survey questionnaire, which was administered to a sample of 40 employees from Preston City Council. This data collection focused on collecting qualitative as well quantitative data. This data helped the researchers conclude details about how much of a gap exists between a person’s motivational level and the motivating factors at work. They also found a positive correlation between an employee’s salary and their motivation level. This research begins by introducing the idea of ‘motivation’, and the several motivational theories, which often affect the workings of employees of public sector firms. Experts believe in a strong relationship between management success and employee motivation. Thus, motivation is a key factor, which helps maintain a firm’s success and keep its performance in check. Absence of such motivation would mean less success for the organization. Thus, this investigation will at all points during the discussion, focus on the effects that motivational theories have on a public sector organization and the employees that work for it. Before the importance of including a human element in the treatment and management of employees was discovered, organizations simply treated them as a factor of production; a mere input to the process. However, since research revealed the importance of establishing human relations in the management of human resources, managers have made it a pri ority to cater to the needs and motivational levels of their employees. An example of such research is the research Elton Mayo (1960) did through the Hawthorne studies (Dickson, 1973, 1-25), where he found a strong relationship between motivation and work conditions, proving that money is not the only motivating factor.

Topic will be based on which book you choose Term Paper

Topic will be based on which book you choose - Term Paper Example The constant commercial pommeling that teenagers are exposed to regularly makes them give in to the pressures of being considered cool by their peers, which in turn works in the corporations’ favor (Quart 32). In addition to all the above, the growing need to incorporate sex in some of these advertisements is making its way into the lives of teenagers and younger children. Recent sources in different organizations can attest to this. This paper will examine aspects of the book and relate it to an advertisement, and the impact it might have on its target market. At a particularly young age, teenagers and pre-teenagers are forced into different loyalty schemes by corporations that use their peers to market and sell their products. In Branded, the author brings into account the fact that corporations are having a higher stake in schools than they possibly should. In the past, countless groups, including parents and politicians, were at the forefront trying to resist the notion of advertising in schools. However, the current situation of sponsorship that most corporations boast of is making this a difficult task. Corporations, at present, have more shares in schools than any other party, and they are using this to their advantage. Brand-afflicted teenagers are now everywhere, but there might be time to save some of the young ones from the menace that is branding (Quart 47). Target audience Victoria’s Secret is one brand that is affiliated with the imagery of sex and sex appeal. In most of their advertisements, models and people wearing their lingerie appeal to the adults and market that tends to grasp the concept of being sexy. However, lately the brand has been moving toward a different market altogether. In a recent advertisement, â€Å"Bright Young Things,† the brand has brought to light their aim for a younger market. Teenagers and pre-teens who want to be considered cool are now looking toward Victoria’s Secret line of lingerie in a bid to look older, or more sophisticated. Parents are being forced to give in to the pressure of their young children who demand such clothing, and it is obvious that once children catch on to this brand, there is no turning back. It is next to impossible for the children not to remain loyal to the brand, if they start when young (Lutz 1). Aspects of the demographic The income and lifestyle of teenagers and pre-teens cannot be questioned as it is not impossible to pinpoint exactly where they get their income, or lifestyle choices. These aspects are influenced directly by their parents, immediate family members, and even friends. The little income that teenagers may receive is probably from allowances that parents offer their children once they partake of certain activities. However, as the issue of branding and marketing takes precedence in most schools and areas (Quart 53), teenagers are looking for different avenues which can work toward increasing their capital. It is this aspec t that sheds light on why teenagers look for different jobs during the summer and spring-breaks. More money means more savings, which ultimately leads to lifestyle autonomy. Parents have little or no say in the matter once their children start buying their own clothes, using their hard-earned money. Alissa Quart takes the reader into the processes used by corporations to attract teens and pre-teens into their branding world, and why it is particularly easy for teens to succumb to these schemes. The first aspect that comes into play is the use of people their own age to

Hebrew Wisdom Essay Example for Free

Hebrew Wisdom Essay This is my introduction to describe the teachings of Hebrew wisdom on diligence and laziness and how does this correspond with the contrast between wisdom and folly? I first want to give the definition of each of the words that I will be addressing during this essay. Diligence means â€Å"the attention and care legally expected or required of a person†. Laziness means â€Å"resistant to work or exertion; slow-moving; sluggish†. Wisdom means â€Å"the ability to discern or judge what is true, right or lasting; insight:. Folly means â€Å"a lack of good sense, understanding, or foresight. Now that we have the definition of the important words that I will be focusing on, lets beginning the discussion of Hebrew wisdom regarding these attributes. The Book of Proverbs was written mostly by Solomon. Solomon asked God and received the wisdom of The Lord and Solomon teaches us about the importance of diligence and not being lazy. Solomon states in Proverbs 13:4 â€Å"The soul of a lazy man desires, and has nothing; But the soul of the diligent shall be made rich†. When we continually seek after wisdom it will enable us to not become lazy. If we continue to be diligent we reap the rewards by  obtaining the knowledge we need to help us in our daily walk and every aspect of our life. Solomon states in Proverbs 4:13 â€Å"Take firm hold of instruction, do not let go; keep her, for she is your life†. The Word of God is our foundation to live a diligent life. The Book of Proverbs emphasizes the fear of the Lord as the key to wisdom and knowledge. His wisdom is available to those of us who trust Him and keep His commandments (Proverbs 2:7-10). The Book of Proverbs gives you the lifestyle to follow, the life of diligence or the life of laziness. The choice is ours to make in what path we will follow. The lazy person is one that does not count up the costs, one that want something for nothing, one that will sleep during the day instead of working (Proverbs 13:4; 24:30). As believers we must understand the importance of being diligent and not lazy. We must apply the knowledge given to us through the Word of God and apply it to our lives so that we will not be as a folly person. Folly is one that is lead by the pleasure of this world. According to The Essence of the Old Testament â€Å"under the sun† indicates an earthly perspective, in other words, a life without God. In Proverbs 14, Solomon describes the difference between wisdom and folly. Solomon states that foolishness destroys his own, willfully avoids fearing the Lord, speaks words that are undependable and immature and the fool has no harvest for lack of spiritual strength. The fool leaves no room for accountability to God. Then in Proverbs 15, Solomon speaks of the wise person. He will build his own, maintain integrity because of the fear of the Lord, he produces a harvest, he tells the truth, he maintains a teach spirit and finds gracious favor from the Lord. In my conclusion, I will sum up the teaching of the Hebrew wisdom. We have a choice to obtain wisdom and be diligent or be foolish and lazy. Our reward will be greater if we choose to follow God and use the wisdom that God has given us and be diligent in everything that we do for God so that we will not be like the foolish person and head towards destruction due to self indulgence and doing and speaking evil against God. Those that have the wisdom and diligent, need to be careful that they do not rejoice when their enemy falls (Proverbs 24:17). As stated in Ecclesiastes 12:13, Fear God and keep His commandments, For this is man’s all. Let’s all seek to be like Solomon and ask God for wisdom, daily so that we can do and say those things that are pleasing to our Heavenly Father. Wisdom is meant to be applied, not just studied or memorized (The Essence of the Old Testament). BIBLIOGRAPHY Edward Hindson and Gary Yates,,The Essence of the Old Testament: A Survey, Nashville, 2012 Broadman Holman Publishers, The Holy Bible, New King James Version, Nashville, 1996 Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition principal copyright 1993

Wireless Technologies Paper Essay Example for Free

Wireless Technologies Paper Essay Party Plates Company has come to the conclusion that there is a need for a new proposal for wireless technology. Our goal is to meet goals in technology advancement and to be up to date with our consumers and business associates. Our proposal will focus on wireless technology that will benefit the party plate business. Our team will also provide the pros and cons to our idea and justify our choices to incorporate them into Party Plates Company. In the proposal we will also include a spreadsheet presenting the equipment needed for using the technologies and the costs involved with the equipment. The wireless technologies that our team recommends for Party Plates Company are WIFI and Laptops. WIFI is wireless technology that allows electronic devices to exchange data using radio waves. These radio waves are transmitted using an antenna called a wireless access point. (Rainer Jr Cegieiski, 2011) WIFI has the potential to save Party Plates Company the cost of having wires installed throughout the company. Laptop technology consists of a small computer that is portable, you can access customer files from anywhere in the building that and also check inventory from the comfort of your home if needed. You will no longer be confined to your office or to any electrical cords. It also involves less wire tangling around your desk which could be a safety hazard. A laptop will allow a manager or supervisor communicate with staff, clients, and employees. WIFI and Laptops are reliable wireless technologies; however, they also possess their own disadvantages. WIFI signals can be slow depending upon how far you are from the router. This can delay the network speed, just like when too many people are using the service at the same time. The demands of a large number of users attempting to access a Wi-Fi network at once can tax the bandwidth capacity of the network, causing outages. † (Blank, 1999-2012) There is also the problem of security when using WIFI. Using this wireless technology makes it harder to control the content viewed, especially when personal computers can access the network. Laptops can typically be a more expensive technology than your normal desktop system. They can also pose a security drawback. Laptops now have cameras making it easy to copy or transfer confidential information. Regardless of the drawbacks associated with these two devices, the ease of use, the availability, and the functions outweighs its flaws. We feel that both of these wireless technologies would work well for Party Plates Company. WIFI is easy to use, efficient, and flexible. Although there may be difficulties with security and network overload, if the WIFI is password protected and monitored these possibilities could be diminished. Laptops can be secure, efficient, and portable. The increased price for system upkeep and possible collisions are only small problems to accurately control inventory and regulate sales.

Simply Supported And Cantilever Beams

Simply Supported And Cantilever Beams A beam is a structural member which safely carries loads i.e. without failing due to the applied loads. We will be restricted to beams of uniform cross-sectional area. Simply Supported Beam A beam that rests on two supports only along the length of the beam and is allowed to deflect freely when loads are applied. Note see section A of unit. Cantilever Beam A beam that is supported at one end only. The end could be built into a wall, bolted or welded to another structure for means of support. Point or Concentrated Load A load which acts at a particular point along the length of the beam. This load is commonly called a force (F) and is stated in Newtons (N). A mass may be converted into a force by multiplying by gravity whose value is constant at 9.81 m/s2. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) A load which is spread evenly over a given length of the beam. This may be the weight of the beam itself. The UDL is quoted as Newtons per metre (N/m). Beam Failure If excessive loads are used and the beam does not have the necessary material properties of strength then failure will occur. Failure may occur in two ways:- Calculating Shear Forces (we must use the shear force rule). When looking right of a section : downward forces are positive and upward forces are negative. When looking left of a section: downward forces are negative and upward forces are positive. Starting at point A and looking left: (note: the negative sign (-) means just to the left of the position and the positive sign (+) means just to the right of the position.) SFA = 0 kN SFA + = 6 kN An alternative method of drawing the shear force diagram is to follow the directions of each force on the line diagram.SFB = 6 kN SFB + = 6 kN SFC = 6 kN SFC + = 6 kN SFD = 6 kN SFD + = 6 12 = -6 kN SFE = 6 12 = -6 kN SFE + = 6 12 = -6 kN SFF = 6 12 = -6 kN SFF + = 6 12 = -6 kN SFG = 6 12 = -6 kN SFG + = 6 12 + 6 = 0 kN Note: the shear force at either end of a simply supported beam must equate to zero. Calculating Bending Moments (we must use the bending moment rule). When looking right of a section : downward forces are negative and upward forces are positive. When looking left of a section: downward forces are negative and upward forces are positive. section F F section F + F + Hogging Beam Sagging Beam Starting at point A and looking left: BMA = 0 kNm BMB = (6 x 1) = 6 kNm BMC = (6 x 2) = 12 kNm BMD = (6 x 3) = 18 kNm BME = (6 x 4) + ( -12 x 1) = 12 kNm BMF = (6 x 5) + ( -12 x 2) = 6 kNm BMG = (6 x 6) + ( -12 x 3) = 0 kNm Note: the bending moment at either end of a simply supported beam must equate to zero. The following page shows the line, shear force and bending moment diagrams for this beam. Simply Supported Beam with Point Load 6 m F E D C G B A 6 kN 6 kN F =12 kN Shear Force Diagram (kN) 0 0 -6 6 0 Line Diagram 12 12 18 6 0 6 Bending Moment Diagram (kNm) Max Tensile Stress SAGGING (+ve bending) Max Compressive Stress F F A maximum bending moment of 18 kNm occurs at position D. Note the shear force is zero at this point. Simply Supported Beam with Distributed Load UDL = 2 kN/m F E D C G B A 6 m RA The force from a UDL is considered to act at the UDL mid-point. e.g. if we take moments about D then the total force from the UDL (looking to the left) would be: (2 x 3) = 6 kN. This force must be multiplied by the distance from point D to the UDL mid point as shown below. e.g. Take moments about D, then the moment would be: (-6 x 1.5) = -9 kNm 1.5m UDL = 2 kN/m D C B A 3 m Taking moments about point D (looking left) We must first calculate the reactions RA and RG. We take moments about one of the reactions to calculate the other, therefore to find RA: Take moments about RG ÃŽ £Clockwise moments (CM) = ÃŽ £Anti-clockwise moments (ACM) RA x 6 = 2 x 6 x 3 RA = 6 kN now, ÃŽ £Upward Forces = ÃŽ £Downward Forces RA + RG = 2 x 6 6 + RG = 12 RG = 6 kN section F + F F F + Calculating Shear Forces (we must use the shear force rule). When looking right of a section : downward forces are positive and upward forces are negative. When looking left of a section: downward forces are negative and upward forces are positive. Starting at point A and looking left: (note: the negative sign (-) means just to the left of the position and the positive sign (+) means just to the right of the position.) SFA = 0 kN SFA + = 6 kN SFB = 6 (21) = 4 kN SFB + = 6 (21) = 4 kN SFC = 6 (22) = 2 kN SFC + = 6 (22) = 2 kN SFD = 6 (23) = 0 kN SFD + = 6 (23) = 0 kN SFE = 6 (24) = -2 kN SFE + = 6 (24) = -2 kN SFF = 6 (25) = -4 kN SFF + = 6 (25) = -4 kN SFG = 6 (26) = -6 kN SFG + = 6 (26) + 6 = 0 kN Note: the shear force at either end of a simply supported beam must equate to zero. Calculating Bending Moments (we must use the bending moment rule). When looking right of a section : downward forces are negative and upward forces are positive. When looking left of a section: downward forces are negative and upward forces are positive. section F F section F + F + Hogging Beam Sagging Beam Starting at point A and looking left: BMA = 0 kNm BMB = (6 x 1) + (-2 x 1 x 0.5) = 5 kNm BMC = (6 x 2) + (-2 x 2 x 1) = 8 kNm BMD = (6 x 3) + (-2 x 3 x 1.5) = 9 kNm BME = (6 x 4) + (-2 x 4 x 2) = 8 kNm BMF = (6 x 5) + + (-2 x 5 x 2.5 = 5 kNm BMG = (6 x 6) + + (-2 x 6 x 3) = 0 kNm Note: the bending moment at either end of a simply supported beam must equate to zero. The following page shows the line, shear force and bending moment diagrams for this beam. Simply Supported Beam with Distributed Load 4 2 0 -2 -4 UDL = 2 kN/m 6 m F E D C G B A Shear Force Diagram (kN) 0 0 -6 6 0 Line Diagram 8 8 9 5 0 Bending Moment Diagram (kNm) 5 6 kN 6 kN Max Tensile Stress SAGGING (+ve bending) Max Compressive Stress F F A maximum bending moment of 9 kNm occurs at position D. Note the shear force is zero at this point. Simply Supported Beam with Point Loads 6 m F E D C G B A RA RG F = 15 kN F = 30 kN We must first calculate the reactions RA and RG. We take moments about one of the reactions to calculate the other, therefore to find RA: Take moments about RG ÃŽ £Clockwise moments (CM) = ÃŽ £Anti-clockwise moments (ACM) RA x 6 = (15 x 4) + (30 x 2) RA = 20 kN now, ÃŽ £Upward Forces = ÃŽ £Downward Forces RA + RG = 15 + 30 20 + RG = 45 RG = 25 kN section F + F F F + Calculating Shear Forces (we must use the shear force rule). When looking right of a section : downward forces are positive and upward forces are negative. When looking left of a section: downward forces are negative and upward forces are positive. Starting at point A and looking left: (note: the negative sign (-) means just to the left of the position and the positive sign (+) means just to the right of the position.) SFA = 0 kN SFA + = 20 kN SFB = 20 kN SFB + = 20 kN SFC = 20 kN SFC + = 20 -15 = 5 kN SFD = 20 -15 = 5 kN SFD + = 20 -15 = 5 kN SFE = 20 -15 = 5 kN SFE + = 20 -15 30 = -25 kN SFF = 20 -15 30 = -25 kN SFF + = 20 -15 30 = -25 kN SFG = 20 -15 30 = -25 kN SFG + = 20 -15 30 + 25 = 0 kN Note: the shear force at either end of a simply supported beam must equate to zero. Calculating Bending Moments (we must use the bending moment rule). When looking right of a section : downward forces are negative and upward forces are positive. When looking left of a section: downward forces are negative and upward forces are positive. section F F section F + F + Hogging Beam Sagging Beam Starting at point A and looking left: BMA = 0 kNm BMB = (20 x 1) = 20 kNm BMC = (20 x 2) = 40 kNm BMD = (20 x 3) + (-15 x 1) = 45 kNm BME = (20 x 4) + (-15 x 2) = 50 kNm BMF = (20 x 5) + (-15 x 3) + (-30 x 1) = 25 kNm BMG = (20 x 6) + (-15 x 4) + (-30 x 2) = 0 kNm Note: the bending moment at either end of a simply supported beam must equate to zero. The following page shows the line, shear force and bending moment diagrams for this beam. 0 20 -25 0 Shear Force Diagram (kN) 5Simply Supported Beam with Point Loads 6 m F E D C G B A 20 kN 25 kN F = 15 kN F = 30 kN Bending Moment Diagram (kNm) 0 0 45 40 20 50 25 Max Tensile Stress SAGGING (+ve bending) Max Compressive Stress F F A maximum bending moment of 50 kNm occurs at position E. Note the shear force is zero at this point. Simply Supported Beam with Point and Distributed Loads (1) 6 m F E D C G B A RA RG 15 kN 30 kN UDL = 10 kN/m We must first calculate the reactions RA and RG. We take moments about one of the reactions to calculate the other, therefore to find RA: Take moments about RG ÃŽ £Clockwise moments (CM) = ÃŽ £Anti-clockwise moments (ACM) RA x 6 = (15 x 4) + (10 x 2 x 3) + (30 x 2) RA = 30 kN now, ÃŽ £Upward Forces = ÃŽ £Downward Forces RA + RG = 15 + (10 x 2) + 30 30 + RG = 65 RG = 35 kN section F + F F F + Calculating Shear Forces (we must use the shear force rule). When looking right of a section : downward forces are positive and upward forces are negative. When looking left of a section: downward forces are negative and upward forces are positive. Starting at point A and looking left: (note: the negative sign (-) means just to the left of the position and the positive sign (+) means just to the right of the position.) SFA = 0 kN SFA + = 30 kN SFB = 30 kN SFB + = 30 kN SFC = 30 kN SFC + = 30 15 = 15 kN SFD = 30 15 (10 x 1) = 5 kN SFD + = 30 15 (10 x 1) = 5 kN SFE = 30 15 (10 x 2) = -5 kN SFE + = 30 15 (10 x 2) 30 = -35 kN SFF = 30 15 (10 x 2) 30 = -35 kN SFF + = 30 15 (10 x 2) 30 = -35 kN SFG = 30 15 (10 x 2) 30 = -35 kN SFG + = 30 15 (10 x 2) 30 + 35 = 35 kN Note: the shear force at either end of a simply supported beam must equate to zero. Calculating Bending Moments (we must use the bending moment rule). When looking right of a section : downward forces are negative and upward forces are positive. When looking left of a section: downward forces are negative and upward forces are positive. section F F section F + F + Hogging Beam Sagging Beam Starting at point A and looking left: BMA = 0 kNm BMB = (30 x 1) = 30 kNm BMC = (30 x 2) = 60 kNm BMD = (30 x 3) + (-15 x 1) + (-10 x 1 x 0.5) = 70 kNm BME = (30 x 4) + (-15 x 2) + (-10 x 2 x 1) = 70 kNm BMF = (30 x 5) + (-15 x 3) + (-10 x 2 x 2) + (-30 x 1) = 35 kNm BMG = (30 x 6) + (-15 x 4) + (-10 x 2 x 3) + (-30 x 2) = 0 kNm Notes: the bending moment at either end of a simply supported beam must equate to zero. The value of the maximum bending moment occurs where the shear force is zero and is therefore still unknown (see Shear Force diagram). The distance from point A to this zero SF point must be determined as follows:- x = 2 15 20 x = 1.5 m Total distance from point A = 2 + 1.5 = 3.5 m therefore, BM max = (30 x 3.5) + (-15 x 1.5) + (-10 X 1.5 x 0.75) = 71.25 kNm The following page shows the line, shear force and bending moment diagrams for this beam. 70 71.25 35 30 60 70 0 0 Simply Supported Beam with Point and Distributed Loads (1) 2 m x 30 -5 Shear Force Diagram (kN) 0 -35 15 0 6 m F E D C G B A 30 kN 35 kN 15 kN 30 kN UDL = 10 kN/m 20 kN Bending Moment Diagram (kNm) Max Tensile Stress SAGGING (+ve bending) Max Compressive Stress F F A maximum bending moment of 71.25 kNm occurs at a distance 3.5 m from position A. Simply Supported Beam with Point and Distributed Loads (2) 1 m RB 12 m E D C F B A 8 kN RE UDL = 6 kN/m UDL = 4 kN/m 12 kN We must first calculate the reactions RB and RE. We take moments about one of the reactions to calculate the other, therefore to find RB. Take moments about RE ÃŽ £Clockwise moments (CM) = ÃŽ £Anti-clockwise moments (ACM) (RBx10)+(6x1x0.5) = (4 x 4 x 9) + (8 x 7) + (12 x 3) + (6 x 3 x 1.5) RB = 26 kN now, ÃŽ £Upward Forces = ÃŽ £Downward Forces RB + RE = (4 x 4) + 8 + 12 + (6 x 4) 26 + RE = 60 RE = 34 kN Calculating Shear Forces Starting at point A and looking left: SFA = 0 kN SFA + = 0 kN SFB = -4 x 1 = -4 kN SFB + = (-4 x 1) + 26 = 22 kN SFC = (-4 x 4) + 26= 10 kN SFC + = (-4 x 4) + 26 8 = 2 kN SFD = (-4 x 4) + 26 8 = 2 kN SFD + = (-4 x 4) + 26 8 12 = -10 kN SFE = (-4 x 4) + 26 8 12 (6 x 3) = -28 kN SFE + = (-4 x 4) + 26 8 12 (6 x 3) + 34 = 6 kN SFF = (-4 x 4) + 26 8 12 (6 x 4) + 34 = 0 kN SFF + = (-4 x 4) + 26 8 12 (6 x 4) + 34 = 0 kN Calculating Bending Moments Starting at point A and looking left: BMA = 0 kNm BMB = (-4 x 1 x 0.5) = -2 kNm BM 2m from A = (-4 x 2 x 1) + (26 x 1) = 18 kNm BM 3m from A = (-4 x 3 x 1.5) + (26 x 2) = 34 kNm BMC = (-4 x 4 x 2) + (26 x 3) = 46 kNm BMD = (-4 x 4 x 6) + (26 x 7) + (-8 x 4) = 54 kNm BM 9m from A = (-4 x 4 x 7) + (26 x 8) + (-8 x 5) + (-12 x 1) + (-6 x 1 x 0.5) = 41 kNm BM 9m from A = (-4 x 4 x 8) + (26 x 9) + (-8 x 6) + (-12 x 2) + (-6 x 2 x 1) = 22 kNm BME = (-4 x 4 x 9) + (26 x 10) + (-8 x 7) + (-12 x 3) + (-6 x 3 x 1.5) = -3 kNm BMF = (-4 x 4 x 10) + (26 x 11) + (-8 x 8) + (-12 x 4) + (-6 x 4 x 2) + (34 x 1) = 0 kNm Point of Contraflexure At any point where the graph on a bending moment diagram passes through the 0-0 datum line (i.e. where the BM changes sign) the curvature of the beam will change from hogging to sagging or vice versa. Such a point is termed a Point of Contraflexure or Inflexion. These points are identified in the following diagram. It should be noted that the point of contraflexure corresponds to zero bending moment. Turning Points The mathematical relationship between shear force and corresponding bending moment is evidenced on their respective graphs where the change of slope on a BM diagram aligns with zero shear on the complementary shear force diagram. Thus, at any point on a BM diagram where the slope changes direction from upwards to downwards or vice versa, all such Turning Points occur at positions of Zero Shear. Turning points are also identified in the following diagram. Simply Supported Beam with Point and Distributed Loads (2) 1 m 26 kN 12 m E D C F B A 8 kN 34 kN UDL = 6 kN/m UDL = 4 kN/m 12 kN 2 6 2 -4 22 -10 Shear Force Diagram (kN) 0 -28 10 0 F F SAGGING (+ve bending) -3 22 41 54 46 34 18 -2 Bending Moment Diagram (kNm) 0 0 F F HOGGING (-ve bending) Points of Contraflexure The maximum bending moment is equal to 54 kNm and occurs at point D where the shear force is zero. Turning points occur at -2 kNm and -3 kNm. Cantilever Beam with Point Load 6 m F E D C G B A RA 12 kN Free End Fixed End In this case there is only one unknown reaction at the fixed end of the cantilever, therefore: ÃŽ £Upward Forces = ÃŽ £Downward Forces RA = 12 kN Calculating Shear Forces Starting at point A and looking left: SFA = 0 kN SFA + = 12 kN SFB = 12 kN SFB + = 12 kN SFC = 12 kN SFC + = 12 kN SFD = 12 kN SFD + = 12 kN SFE = 12 kN SFE + = 12 kN SFF = 12 kN SFF + = 12 kN SFG = 12 kN SFG + = 12 12 = 0 kN Note: the shear force at either end of a cantilever beam must equate to zero. Calculating Bending Moments NB for simplicity at this stage we shall always look towards the free end of the beam. Starting at fixed end, point A, and looking right towards the free end: (the same results may be obtained by starting at point G and looking right) BMA = -12 x 6 = -72 kNm BMB = -12 x 5 = -60 kNm BMC = -12 x 4 = -48 kNm BMD = -12 x 3 = -36 kNm BME = -12 x 2 = -24 kNm BMF = -12 x 1 = -12 kNm BMG = 0 kNm Notes: the maximum bending moment in a cantilever beam occurs at the fixed end. In this case the 12kN force in the beam is trying to bend it downwards, (a clockwise moment). The support at the fixed end must therefore be applying an equal but opposite moment to the beam. This would be 72 kNm in an anti-clockwise direction. See the following diagram. The value of the bending moment at the free end of a cantilever beam will always be zero. -12 -24 -36 -48 -60 -72 Bending Moment Diagram (kNm) 0 0 12 125 Shear Force Diagram (kN) 0 0 72 kNm 72 kNm 6 m F E D C G B A 12 kN 12 kN The following shows the line, shear force and bending moment diagrams for this beam. F F HOGGING (-ve bending) Max Tensile Stress Max Compressive Stress A maximum bending moment of -72 kNm occurs at position A. Cantilever Beam with Distributed Load UDL = 2 kN/m 6 m F E D C G B A RA To calculate the unknown reaction at the fixed end of the cantilever: ÃŽ £Upward Forces = ÃŽ £Downward Forces RA = 2 x 6 RA = 12 kN Calculating Shear Forces Starting at point A and looking left: SFA = 0 kN SFA + = 12 kN SFB = 12 (2 x 1) = 10 kN SFB + = 12 (2 x 1) = 10 kN SFC = 12 (2 x 2) = 8 kN SFC + = 12 (2 x 2) = 8 kN SFD = 12 (2 x 3) = 6 kN SFD + = 12 (2 x 3) = 6 kN SFE = 12 (2 x 4) = 4 kN SFE + = 12 (2 x 4) = 4 kN SFF = 12 (2 x 5) = 2 kN SFF + = 12 (2 x 5) = 2 kN SFG = 12 (2 x 6) = 0 kN SFG + = 12 (2 x 6) = 0 kN Note: the shear force at either end of a cantilever beam must equate to zero. Calculating Bending Moments Starting at fixed end, point A, and looking right towards the free end: (the same results may be obtained by starting at point G and looking right) BMA = -2 x 6 x 3 = -36 kNm BMB = -2 x 5 x 2.5 = -25 kNm BMC = -2 x 4 x 2 = -16 kNm BMD = -2 x 3 x 1.5 = -9 kNm BME = -2 x 2 x 1 = -4 kNm BMF = -2 x 1 x 0.5 = -1 kNm BMG = 0 kNm The following page shows the line, shear force and bending moment diagrams for this beam. Cantilever Beam with Distributed Load8 6 4 2 36 kNm 36 kNm 12 105 Shear Force Diagram (kN) 0 0 -1 -4 -9 -16 -25 -36 Bending Moment Diagram (kNm) 0 0 6 m F E D C G B A 12 kN UDL = 2 kN/m F F HOGGING (-ve bending) Max Tensile Stress Max Compressive Stress A maximum bending moment of -36 kNm occurs at position A. Cantilever Beam with Point and Distributed Loads RG 2 m 10 kN B C D E A F G 4 m UDL = 10 kN/m To calculate the unknown reaction at the fixed end of the cantilever: ÃŽ £Upward Forces = ÃŽ £Downward Forces RG = (10 x 6) + 10 RG = 70 kN Calculating Shear Forces Starting at point A and looking left: SFA = 0 kN SFA + = 0 kN SFB = -10 x 1 = -10 kN SFB + = -10 x 1 = -10 kN SFC = -10 x 2 = -20 kN SFC + = (-10 x 2) + (-10) = -30 kN SFD = (-10 x 3) + (-10) = -40 kN SFD + = (-10 x 3) + (-10) = -40 kN SFE = (-10 x 4) + (-10) = -50 kN SFE + = (-10 x 4) + (-10) = -50 kN SFF = (-10 x 5) + (-10) = -60 kN SFF + = (-10 x 5) + (-10) = -60 kN SFG = (-10 x 6) + (-10) = -70 kN SFG + = (-10 x 6) + (-10) + 70 = 0 kN Note: the shear force at either end of a cantilever beam must equate to zero. Calculating Bending Moments Starting at point A, and looking left from the free end: (the same results may be obtained by starting at point G and looking left) BMA = 0 kNm BMB = -10 x 1 x 0.5 = -5 kNm BMC = -10 x 2 x 1 = -20 kNm BMD = (-10 x 3 x 1.5) + (-10 x 1) = -55 kNm BME = (-10 x 4 x 2) + (-10 x 2) = -100 kNm BMF = (-10 x 5 x 2.5) + (-10 x 3) = -155 kNm BMG = (-10 x 6 x 3) + (-10 x 4) = -220 kNm The following page shows the line, shear force and bending moment diagrams for this beam. 70 kN 2 m 10 kN B C D E A F G 4 m UDL = 10 kN/m 0 0 Shear Force Diagram (kN) -60 -70 -10 -20 -40 -50 220 kNm 220 kNm -30Cantilever Beam with Point and Distributed Loads 0 0 Bending Moment Diagram (kNm) -220 -5 -20 -55 -100 -155 F F HOGGING (-ve bending) Max Tensile Stress Max Compressive Stress A maximum bending moment of -220 kNm occurs at position G.

Alexander Graham Bell :: essays research papers fc

General Biographical information Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland, and educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He went to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf-mutes, publicizing a system called visible speech. The system, which was made by his father, the Scottish teacher Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound. In 1872 Bell made a school for deaf and mute people, in Boston, Massachusetts. The school became part of Boston University, where Bell was a teacher of vocal physiology. He became a U.S. citizen in 1882. Since Bell was 18, he had been working on the idea of transmitting speech. In 1874, while working on a multiple telegraph, he came up with the basic ideas for the telephone. His experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally were successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: "Watson, come here; I want you." The demonstration at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania introduced the telephone to the world and led to the organization of the Bell Telephone Company in 1877. Six Major Events  1871 Bell started teaching deaf students in Boston.  1874-75 he began work on his great invention.  Bells attorney had applied for a patent on February 14, 1876  1880 Bell received the French government’s Volta price for the telephone.  1898 Bell succeeded his father-in-law as president of the National Geographic Society.  He died at his estate on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia on August 2. 1922. Major Contributions Alexander Graham Bell’s greatest contribution to mankind was obviously the telephone. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1876. One year later Bell founded the Bell Telephone Company and began licensing telephone exchanges to route telephone calls through New England. Bell Telephone Company got in a fight with the Western Union Telegraph Company, which had filed a patent for the telephone just hours after Alexander Graham Bell.

Oedipus the King: Oedipus And The Gods :: essays research papers fc

In Ancient Greece the existence of gods and fate prevailed. In the Greek tragedy King Oedipus by the playwright Sophocles these topics are heavily involved. We receive a clear insight into their roles in the play such as they both control man's actions and that challenging their authority leads to a fall. The concepts of the gods and fate were created to explain things. In Ancient Greece there was a lot that was not understood; science was in its infancy and everything that happened could be explained by the will of the gods or fate. The gods were the height of power; they supposedly existed since the beginning of time. They were immortal, omnipresent and omnipotent. However, the different gods had different personalities. In this sense they were anthropomorphic. Having such mastery of the world would enable them to control man's behavior, as is shown in King Oedipus. The idea of fate has existed for a long time and exists even today. Fate revolves around the idea that people's lives are predetermined and that no matter what is done it cannot be changed. With the gods it was used to explain events that seemed strange. Sophocles expands on this idea by introducing Oedipus' fate. The thought of fate is strong considering no matter how hard he struggles he still receives what was predetermined. As a baby he survived the elements on Mount Cithaeron. As Oedipus was destined to live, it shows the dominance of fate. Having fate play such a large part of the play is certainly an insight into the Greek's idea that fate controls us no matter how hard we struggle against it. In the play the dominance of the gods is shown again and again. In the second stasimon after Tiresias leaves the chorus chants "Zeus and Apollo know, they know, the great masters of all the dark and depth of human life", reasserting the belief in the god's power. At the very opening of the play, the priest who converses with Oedipus says ". . . You cannot equal the gods, your children know that. . . ", proving again the Greek belief that the gods are the height of power. However, it is not only the people that revere the gods. After Oedipus blinds himself, Creon takes control of Thebes. When Oedipus asks to be banished, Creon replies "Not I. Only the gods can give you that", again acknowledging the higher authority of the gods.

The Cayman Islands :: essays research papers

Part I - The Question   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I was 18, my family took a trip to Cancun for Spring Break. I absolutely loved the beaches and palm trees, the white sand, hot sun and blue waves. Ever since then I have had a real passion for tropical islands. My favorite and perhaps the most beautiful Islands I’ve researched are the Cayman Islands. I’ve only seen pictures and heard stories but I’ve already decided that’s where I am getting married. I still however, don’t know anything about the islands. My love for these islands and my thirst for knowledge on the topic has driven me to do more research and find out the history behind the Cayman Islands. I want to know everything about them, so far the only thing I know is that there are three islands, Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little cayman. I would like to know more. I am hoping to learn about the early development of the islands, the people, growth, tropical climate and environment. I am doing this purely for my own reference and curiosity. Part II - Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I began researching for this paper online because it was easy for me to use and a lot faster than looking up information in text books, and it’s a lot more accurate and up-to-date. Immediately I found about a hundred web sites worth printing. After scrolling through page after page, site after site I realized I had barely scratched the surface, so I decided to pick the ones with the most promising titles and print them all. Then I began the tedious task of sifting through all those papers until I found the best ones. I think I ended up with about six different sites, all on different things about the islands. One of the best ones was about the history of the Cayman Islands, I found this to be the most factual. Another good one mostly was about the Geography and Geology of the islands. The rest of them were mainly about visiting the islands, the discovery of the islands, touring the islands and comparing and contrasting the three islands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After this I went to the Jackson Community College Learning Center and read through books and Encyclopedias about Cayman Islands but I found most of these to have the same information as my web sites, but not as good. I found a few pictures and maps that were helpful in my own understanding of the islands, unfortunately they wouldn’t be much help with my paper. The Cayman Islands :: essays research papers Part I - The Question   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I was 18, my family took a trip to Cancun for Spring Break. I absolutely loved the beaches and palm trees, the white sand, hot sun and blue waves. Ever since then I have had a real passion for tropical islands. My favorite and perhaps the most beautiful Islands I’ve researched are the Cayman Islands. I’ve only seen pictures and heard stories but I’ve already decided that’s where I am getting married. I still however, don’t know anything about the islands. My love for these islands and my thirst for knowledge on the topic has driven me to do more research and find out the history behind the Cayman Islands. I want to know everything about them, so far the only thing I know is that there are three islands, Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little cayman. I would like to know more. I am hoping to learn about the early development of the islands, the people, growth, tropical climate and environment. I am doing this purely for my own reference and curiosity. Part II - Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I began researching for this paper online because it was easy for me to use and a lot faster than looking up information in text books, and it’s a lot more accurate and up-to-date. Immediately I found about a hundred web sites worth printing. After scrolling through page after page, site after site I realized I had barely scratched the surface, so I decided to pick the ones with the most promising titles and print them all. Then I began the tedious task of sifting through all those papers until I found the best ones. I think I ended up with about six different sites, all on different things about the islands. One of the best ones was about the history of the Cayman Islands, I found this to be the most factual. Another good one mostly was about the Geography and Geology of the islands. The rest of them were mainly about visiting the islands, the discovery of the islands, touring the islands and comparing and contrasting the three islands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After this I went to the Jackson Community College Learning Center and read through books and Encyclopedias about Cayman Islands but I found most of these to have the same information as my web sites, but not as good. I found a few pictures and maps that were helpful in my own understanding of the islands, unfortunately they wouldn’t be much help with my paper.

Group Dynamics in Twelve Angry Men

The movie â€Å"12 Angry Men† is a fascinating and insightful examination of a diverse group of twelve jurors who are uncomfortably brought together to deliberate the â€Å"facts† of a seemingly open-and-shut murder trial. The premise is the trial of a frightened, teenaged defendant accused of stabbing and killing his father. However, there is an underlying sense that the jurors, themselves, and the American judicial system, are on trial as well. The trial by jury system is supposed to produce a unanimous decision in an objective, fair and unbiased manner. This film takes more than a glimpse behind the closed doors of a jury room and reveals that it†s anything but what we would expect. So, what went wrong? In order to answer that question, we must examine the twelve jurors and their personalities, their ability – and often inability – to communicate clearly, and the positive and negative aspects of their conflict management processes. The jurors are a group of predominately middle-aged white males. That†s about where the similarities end. Their personalities, prejudices, weaknesses, socio-economic and cultural differences, priorities, ignorance, and fears often cause them to avoid the true issues of the case. The foreman of the jury (Juror #1) is an assistant high school football coach but lacks any natural leadership skills. Throughout the proceedings, he tries to keep the proceedings formal but is easily frustrated and sensitive when his â€Å"authority† or control is threatened. Juror #2 is a meek and mild bank teller who seems to try to avoid conflict at all costs. Juror #3 runs a messenger service and is a rude bully. He is extremely opinionated and biased, loud-mouthed, intolerant and temperamental. Although defiant to the end, it†s later discovered that his own personal conflicts greatly influence his behavior. Juror #4 is a stockbroker. He†s very logical, self-assured, and rational. It†s apparent early in the movie that he has an amazing recall about the evidence introduced in the case and has kept meticulous notes. Juror #5 is a reserved and quiet man. He is apparently ashamed of his slum-dwelling upbringing and hesitant at first to speak up. It†s possible that he has a Hispanic heritage, but this is only speculation. Juror #6 is a blue-collar painter. A natural follower, he seems to have difficulty in making his own decisions. He†s intolerant of disrespect towards the older juror. Juror #7 is a salesman whose main interest is getting to a baseball game that he has tickets for. He lacks any compassion or concern for the defendant†s life. Juror #8 is a patient and thoughtful architect. A natural leader, he often persuades others through his calm logical reasoning. He is focused on the gravity of the case and is able to separate others personal prejudices from the task at hand. Juror #9 is the eldest man in the group. He†s at the twilight of his life and has uncanny powers of observation and perception. Juror #10 is an intolerant, racist, and angry man. He uses no logical reasoning skills and tries to force his emotional and bitter opinions on others. Juror #11 is a recent immigrant to the United States. He is well spoken and has a much deeper respect for the American judicial system than the rest of the group. He is polite and occasionally clever, but also resolute and open-minded. Juror #12 is a superficial advertising man. He seemingly lacks any real convictions about anything as evidenced by his constant swaying to others opinions. These men all have obvious strengths and weaknesses. And, they each have their different and unique individual life experiences and attitudes. But it†s precisely those differences that affect how they are able to interact with each other (although often ineffectively) to work through the task that†s been given to them. Further, the only way to convey those differences, those things that are important or unimportant to them, is through communication. As is often the case, how we communicate with others determines the results that we achieve. If we communicate effectively, others can easily grasp our ideas and intentions. If, however, we utilize poor communications skills, our true objectives become confusing, misinterpreted, or lost altogether. Twelve Angry Men gives excellent examples of both clear, concise, and reasonable communication skills as well as inadequate, appalling, and exasperating ones. Henry Fonda (Juror #8) was far and away the most effective communicator of this group. Perhaps this is why he was able to eventually achieve the unlikely feat of swaying the other eleven jurors. After the initial vote was taken, the emotionally charged group immediately became insolent. Fonda was able to not only convey his intentions of not emotionally pre-judging the young defendant, but did so in such a way that was not directly confrontational. He openly admits that he doesn†t necessarily believe the boys story, but tries to refocus the group towards the legal standards set forth by the judge. He suggests that the group spend just one hour discussing the case and weighing the facts, rather than sending the boy off to die without at least some thought. Throughout the movie Fonda is able to argue and counter-argue his doubts with a rational, thoughtful cool-headedness that made it difficult for the other jurors to deny. Juror #4 (E. G. Marshall) was also an effective communicator. His arguments for guilt were clear, concise, and matter-of-fact. However, he often presented arguments in a smug, conceited manner. I think it was only Fonda†s appeal to his logical side that eventually won Juror #4 over. On the other side of the coin, it was the total lack of communication skills that seriously hampered the arguments of Juror #†s 3 and 10. Juror #3 (Lee J. Cobb) was abrasive and blustery. He was a bully in the worst sense of the word. He had no rational arguments of his own, and tried to use others as a springboard for his emotional personal attacks. He obviously felt very strongly about the boys guilt, (albeit for the wrong reasons), but was never able to forward any coherent reasoning to express that. Instead he used insults, assaults and threats to make up for his lack of coherent discussion. Juror #10 was just plain offensive. He was not capable of issuing any arguments, only violent outbursts of ignorant prejudice. It was precisely these types of communication and personality types that served to most influence the group†s dynamics throughout the movie. Even though the initial vote was 11-1 for guilty, it can be contended that the group was possibly more divided. Six of the jurors, (Juror #†s 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, and 12), raised their hands for a guilty verdict almost immediately. Yet, five of the remaining six (Juror #†s 2, 5, 6, 11, and 9) were initially hesitant with their vote. They raised their hands only after seeing how quickly the others raised theirs. This is what Forsyth (1999) probably would have called compliance, â€Å"Compliance occurs when group members privately disagree with the group, but publicly express an opinion that matches the opinions expressed by the majority of the group† (179). This assumption could be reinforced by the order in which the jurors changed their votes. The five jurors originally hesitant were the first ones to switch their votes to not guilty as the meeting progressed. The foreman†s inability to lead effectively was another major component of the group†s dynamics in this case. Juror #1†³s deficiency caused the group to be more responsive to Juror #8†³s natural leadership skills. The acceptance of Juror #8†³s leadership facilitated the unlikely transition of the group from a guilty verdict to one of not guilty. Forsyth (1999) explains, â€Å"In general, the greater the perceived competency and group-centered motivation of the individual, the more influential the minority† (185). Juror #8 gained idiosyncrasy credits with the group as the meeting progressed and slowly developed his credibility. â€Å"These credits accumulate during the course of interaction, typically as a member contributes to the progress of the group toward desired goals† (Forsyth, 1999, p. 186). Twelve Angry Men is a movie about conflict and conflict resolution. When Juror #8 raises his hand to cast the only not guilty vote he throws the group into conflict. But, it is this same conflict that enables the group to intelligently complete their task. According to Forsyth (1999), â€Å"Exposure to others† positions, in addition to providing additional information and prompting a more thorough analysis of that information, can also cause group members to reinterpret, or cognitively restructure, key aspects of the issue† (191). After the initial vote, tempers flared, votes changed, divisions were created, emotions were exhibited, and prejudices were displayed. Throughout the rest of the movie though, the group, perhaps unconsciously, moved towards conflict resolution. Persuasion gives way to arguing, emotions take place of logic, and the once unified group splits into factions and coalitions. This period of conflict escalation is, in most cases, followed by a reduction in conflict and, ideally, conflict resolution† (Forsyth, 1999, p. 237). â€Å"Insofar as conflict is resolved successfully, it has stabilizing functions and becomes an integrating component of the group relationship† (Forsyth, 1999), p. 263). These twelve jurors began with conflict, proceeded through often-heated conflict escalation, and eventually came to resolution. They may not have bonded emotionally together, but they were able to produce the best results with the tools they were given. It can†t be said for sure if the experience would have changed their attitudes permanently, but it is unlikely. However, it is hoped that those of us who view the film will not be so quick to judge after seeing the â€Å"facts† in our own situations. To convict the young man based on their prejudices, emotions, or apathy would have been a travesty of justice. But, with group observation, discussion, and logical reasoning, (even if forced by conflict), we can all make better decisions.

American History X Essay

American History X is a film that centered on two brothers and how their lives changed when their father died. The story revolved around discrimination and racism. But most importantly, the movie emphasized the capability of an individual to change. The main character, Derek Vinyard, transformed into a racist when his father died â€Å"in the line of duty by a minority† and when he killed two black men who tried to rob him. Before he entered prison, Derek had already a preconceived notion that Blacks were menace to the society and that the Whites were the superior race. However, inside the penal complex, he found out that â€Å"there is good and bad in every race. † So to prevent his younger brother, Danny, from committing the same mistakes, Derek encouraged him to be open-minded and disregard all the things that were inculcated to him when they were members of the Neo-Nazi group (IMDb). This movie was able to show three sociological concepts namely: differential association, racism and social inequality. Differential association is a learning theory which focused on the processes by which individuals come to commit criminal acts (Hamlin). In the film, this was shown when Derek joined the neo-Nazi group; he started to adapt a more delinquent lifestyle like thrashing the local grocery store. Meanwhile, racism is defined as the idea that race sets the difference in the personality or competency of an individual which results to some race being better than the others (Eckert). This concept was portrayed when Seth and Danny were having a conversation. Seth asked Danny who he hated and Danny replied, â€Å"I hate anyone that isn’t white Protestant. They’re a burden to the advancement of the white race† (Kaye). Lastly would be social inequality which refers to the â€Å"ways in which socially-defined categories of persons (according to characteristics such as gender, age, ‘class’ and ethnicity) are differentially positioned with regard to access to a variety of social ‘goods’ like education† (Centre for East European Language-Based Area Studies). In the movie, this was represented when two Black guys were trying to steal Derek’s truck. This shows how some races are well off than the others because they have better jobs, houses and benefits. I think American History X is an eye-opening film about the presence of discrimination, prejudice and hatred in the society due to difference in race. More so, the movie tried to relay the message that delinquency is learned and it can be unlearned if an individual is put in a better environment. When Derek went to prison, he realized that race was not a major issue that separated one individual from another; it was more on how a person presented himself/herself to a group. In the end, it would always be every man for himself in this dog eat dog world. Works Cited â€Å"American History X. † 2009. IMDb. 28 May 2009 American History X. Dir. Tony Kaye. New Line Cinema, 1999. â€Å"New Dimensions of Social Inequality? † n. d. Centre for East European Language-Based Area Studies. 28 May 2009 Eckert, Susan. â€Å"What is Racism, Prejudice, Discrimination, Bias, and Xenophobia? 7 December 2007. Suite101. com. 28 May 2009 Hamlin, John. â€Å"Differential Association Theory. † March 2006. University of Minnesota Duluth. 28 May 2009

How Has Computer Hacking Interfered Modern Society Essay

How has computer hacking inferred modern society? In this passage I will be talking briefly about the fundamentals of computer hacking from the past to the present. Computer hacking has changed more over time resulting in computer emergences to corporate system shutdowns. This research paper will be talking about three major parts of computer hacking. The first concept of hacking is the origin of creation. The next part will be how hacking has affect on the present-day society. Finally, the last piece of information will be going over the future of system hacking. What is a hack you may ask your self but not have an answer or one word phrase for the term? A hack has always been a kind of shortcut or modification, a way to bypass or rework the standard operation of an object or system. The first computer hackers emerge at MIT. They borrow their name from a term to describe members of a model train group at the school who hack the electric trains, tracks, and switches to make them perform faster and differently. A few of the members transfer their curiosity and rigging skills to the new mainframe computing systems being studied and developed on campus. Hacking groups begin to form. Among the first are Legion of Doom in the United States, and Chaos Computer Club in Germany. The movie â€Å"War Games† introduces the public to hacking. A computer hacker intends to ruin businesses performing an act much more unprincipled than an enthusiastic biologist ‘hacking’ away at work or theory. The truth is that computer hacking is in fact easy in the general sense, but more consideration must be given. Some aspects of hacking are used in everyday life and you may not know that accessing wireless internet from another person’s account is considered wireless hacking even though your borrowing there connection. During the 1970’s, a different kind of hacker appeared: the phreaks or phone hackers. They learned ways to hack the telephonic system and make phone calls for free. Within these group of people, a phreaker became famous because a simple discovery. John Draper, also known as Captain Crunch, found that he could make long distance calls with a whistle. He built a blue box that could do this and the Esquire magazine published an article on how to build them. Fascinated by this discovery, two kids, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, decided to sell these blue boxes, starting a business friendship which resulted in the founding of Apple. By the 1980’s, phreaks started to migrate to computers, and the first Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) appeared. BBS are like the yahoo groups of today, were people posted messages on any kind of topic. The BBS used by hackers specialized in tips on how to break into computers, how to use stolen credit card numbers and share stolen computer passwords. It wasn’t until 1986 that the U. S. government realized the danger that hackers represented to the national security. As a way to counteract this menace, the Congress passed the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, making computer breaking a crime across the nation. During the 1990’s, when the use of the internet became widespread around the world, hackers multiplied, but it wasn’t until the end of the decade that system’s security became mainstream among the public. Today, we are accustomed to hackers, crackers, viruses, Trojans, worms and all of the techniques we need to follow to combat them. Hackers were classified into three unusual types the first category is called In-house hacker. In-house hacker is an employee who is responsible for operating and maintaining the system, who interacts immediately with the system as a programmer or data entry employee and is aware of all the system security capabilities and gaps. He and should be the guard of the system but for different motivations he hacks the system and gets what he needs betraying all the trust given to him. The second type is called super hacker who doesn’t interact with the system but at the same time monitors the system on daily basis and has an eye on what is going on and what type of data is entered at what time then depending on the entries he decides the moment he should get these information and retrieve them for personal motivations while the third type is called professional hacker and this hacker is very strong and capable of getting any type of data, he has the ability of persuading the user or the operator to provide him with the needed information by programming tricks or user friendly screens and this kind of hackers often gets unique training specially when being used in military tasks as what happened in the cold war. Theses are just brief ways hackers have impacted the modern world we all live in. Within the past year there have been two major cases right in the area. Both involve extensive damage, and both are currently in court. The closest case is that of Thomas Crandall, otherwise known as St. Elmo’s Fire. Crandall is accused of estroying attendance and discipline records in a computer at Central Technical and Vocational Center. Police charge that Crandall used a personal computer at his home to access the computer. He is also accused of doing $25,000 in damage to files at Waste Management Inc. of Oakbrook, Ill. Crandall’s attorney claims that many other students also had access to the computer, and that to single out Crandall in unfair. Hackers are responsible of the huge development in computer and internet technology, but these days we consider them as thieves and intruders who penetrated our own privacy and used the achievements they were behind for their own benefit. Hackers have different opinions and motivations. However, they all share the spirit of challenge and always trying to prove their capabilities of doing what all believe is impossible maybe because they were mistreated, or doubts surrounded their abilities and past achievements. Hackers believe that information should be shared and they fight against information owning. Effects that hacking caused and still causing to the society can’t be ignored. Hacking nowadays is taking new phases and the danger is increasing because we are now living in a society that runs by ICT, and any attack to the ICT especially in advanced countries will cause vital consequences. ICT still lacks a powerful security tools that are capable of tracking, catching hackers, and protecting computer systems from their attacks. My own view is that the best way to protect ICT from hackers is to study their psychology and try to understand their way of thinking, because hackers are human beings, who have two sides; evil and good, and they used to show their good side but suddenly they turned to be evil. The reasons which caused the transformation from good to evil individuals should be studied and given the highest priority in the war against hackers because since we put our hands on the cause, we can fix it to reach for better effects. People can grocery shop, earn degrees, receive bank statements and pay bills from their laptop or PC. The possibilities are endless when it comes to simplifying life with the help of the World Wide Web, but at the same time possibilities are endless hackers to complicate your life with cyber crimes. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a hacker as both â€Å"an expert at programming and solving problems with a computer† and â€Å"a person who illegally gains access to and sometimes tampers with information in a computer system. † Those three reasons I have stated above were the hackings past present and future. Until technology stops growing the possibility of hackers is limited less.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Plenteous Stem Cells Applied to the Held of Regenerative Medicine Imagine having the opportunity to travel back in time with the power to alter the outcome of the future. As pleasing as this may sound, such occurrences just do not seem realistic or even possible in today's world. Although, if we take a step back and look into time travel on a smaller scale, at the cellular level, it is indeed possible to revert to an earlier stage of life.Specifically focusing on terminally differentiated anatomic cells, scientists are now able to induce plenipotentiary thanks to the findings from Sir John B. Gordon, and Shinny Yamaha. Findings from Cordon's paper inform us that all cells in an organism contain the same genetic Information. The difference in gene expression leads to one cell type over another. This Implies that somatic cells should have the ability to give rise to a variety of cell types under the appropriate conditions because all of the cells have the same DNA content.Findi ngs from Handyman's paper tell us that the factors responsible from the maintenance of allurements in early embryos and embryonic stem cells also are responsible for inducing plenipotentiary in somatic cells. The factors from Handyman's discovery are COT-3/4, KILL, SOX, and c-NYC; these four transcription factors work together to effectively induce plenipotentiary and have greatly advanced the technological applications of genetic reprogramming. The field of regenerative medicine has especially benefited from the genetic reprogramming advances.One of the main goals of regenerative medicine is to restore structures of damaged tissues as well as to restore functions of damaged organs . A major application for regenerative medicine Is In the field of cardiovascular medicine. The use of regenerative medicine for cardiovascular disease treatment Is appealing because It Is much less Invasive that transplantation and open-heart surgery. In order to determine which combination transcription factors are able to create normal cell fates from the damaged cardiac tissue, induced plenteous stem cells are an intricate part of the drug screening technique often used.The drugs capable of inducing plenipotentiary and repairing the damaged tissue have the potential to treat cardiovascular disease n human patients. Alternative options for repairing damaged tissue include transplantation of new organs from donors. Cardiovascular diseases continue to account for the leading cause of death in American. Due to the high frequency of deaths caused by heart malfunctions in society, researchers are constantly trying to discover new ways for treatment and prevention.Despite the alternative methods used to treat cardiovascular diseases, the use of Induced plenteous stem cells for regenerative medicine Is overall beneficial to the field of cardiovascular medicine cause It Is a less Invasive option that can effectively restore wounded cardiac tissue by replacing cardiologists and reducing o ccurrences of fibrosis (Upon, 2011). Cardiovascular repair than other options, such as transplanting an entire heart. Before regenerative medicine had the clinical potential it currently possesses, scientists first needed to have a comprehensive understanding of the heart and its development processes.Muscle tissue in the heart is referred to as cardiac muscle. One cell type that encompasses cardiac muscle is the cardiology. Each mature dull cardiology only contains a single, unique nucleus and expresses cardiac transcriptions factors, which allows for their calcium ion handling and contractile properties (Upon, 2011). Normally, these adult cardiologists cannot regenerate once damaged (Upon). This leads to the malfunction or loss of function within the heart, causing many of the heart conditions prevalent in society.Studies show that induced plenteous stem cells can differentiate into the three electroencephalographic phenotypes of cardiologists: nodal, trial, and ventricular (Upon, 2011). In a injunction human heart, nodal cardiologists are found at the bottom, trial cardiologists pump blood in, and ventricular cardiologists pump blood out to the lungs and the rest of the body. Each phenotype shows that suppositories can successfully increase the rate of contraction while ceremonially can decrease the rate of contraction (Upon).Ellen Peon's review paper explains that the function of cardiologists in the heart is to perform the contraction for blood flow. More importantly, it explains that the presence of specific chemicals, suppositories and ceremonially, effects the speed of contraction. Peon's findings about the specifics of heart contractions are extremely beneficial information in terms of regenerative medicine applied to cardiovascular diseases because a heart that is uncontrollably pumping too fast or too slow has the potential to be regulated simply by adding either suppositories or ceremonially concentrations to the environment.Both chemicals could be studied further to determine if a drug design involving the two is reasonable for treatment. Even though using induced plenteous stem cells to generate heart tissue is less invasive, there are drawbacks to be looked onto further by researchers. In the review paper, Upon notes that cardiology's derived from induced plenteous cells are immature functionally and structurally. This is problematic because at immature stages, the electrical properties of the cardiologists are similar to that of those of heart failure.It was also observed the the derived cardiologists were about ten times smaller than the normal adult cardiologists. Most importantly, the safety and practical worth of the induced cardiology's is unknown because there is not a lot of information about the amphibology of these cells. Downsides noted in Samurai's paper include the large-scale preparation that goes into creating these induced cardiologists and the elimination of undifferentiated induced plenteous stem cells fr om generating the cardiology's.With all that being said, there is promising potential for using regenerative medicine as a less invasive means to treat cardiovascular diseases. An alternate method used to bypass these downfalls is the cell-sheet technique. This technique involves harvesting a sheet of undamaged cells and transplanting them directly on top of the injured organ. The idea is that the undamaged cells will essentially promote recovery of the organ's wounded cells. Kumara and others illustrate the efficacy of induced plenteous stem cell derived cardiology sheets. Improve cardiac function (Kumara, 2011).Chemic cardiopulmonary is when there is a lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle tissue, causing measurable deterioration of it function. Sheets of cardiologists capable of restoring tissue after being deteriorated is a feasible option for treating chemic cardiopulmonary. However, this is still invasive for the patient and tissue is still be removed from one action and t ransplanted to another. Inducing regenerative cardiologists is still a much less invasive option to restore cardiac tissue. As previously mentioned, there is not a lot of regenerative potential for heart tissue once it has been wounded.One of the reasons for this is due to the activation of cardiac fibroblasts (Song 2012). A cardiac fibroblast is a particular heart cell type that is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of connective tissues. Activation of these fibroblasts leads to cardiac fibrosis (Song, 2012), which is simply the formation of excess connective issue in the hearth. It is the fibrosis that interferes with regeneration of cardiac cells causing a number of problems like the loss of contractile function and the increased susceptibility to arrhythmias (Song, 2012).But because most of the cells of the heart are in fact cardiac fibroblasts, they are a potential regenerative medicinal source of cardiac function restoration. One major success of regenerative medicine as it relates to cardiovascular medicine is the repair of heart tissue by reprogramming non- mystery with cardiac transcription factors performed by Kuhn Song along with there researchers. Song's paper shows that GATE, Hand, MFC, and TPTB are able to reprogram mouse cardiac fibroblasts into contracting cardiac-like mystery in vitro and in vivo.The discovery of these essential cardiac inducing factors can act as the platform for answering more fundamental research questions in the future. Data from Songs research illustrate that the expression of these four transcription factors enhances cardiac function while decreeing adverse ventricular remodeling following infarction. Findings from this study shows that the efficiency of reprogramming to induced cardiac-like mystery using GATE, Hand, MFC, and TPTB is comparable to the reprogramming of induced plenteous stem cells by the Yamaha factors (Song).The method of retrovirus transduction was used to incorporate the transcription factors into the genome of the non-moseyed in order to bring the cells back to a plenteous state. Although viral and retrovirus transduction is a convenient method to incorporate new DNA sequences, there are drawbacks that may be adversely effecting outcomes of the induced plenteous cells. There are a couple of key disadvantages using viruses and vectors to incorporate DNA into a host's genome. One disadvantage is the genomic integration that occurs with retrovirus vectors.Genomic integration involves inserting DNA sequences directly into the host's cells DNA. The problem is that vectors integrate near the starting point of transcription causing either enhance transcription more than normal or this can disrupt transcriptions. The results from both outcomes are altered expression due to the technique used rather than the genetic information present. The likelihood of residual transgender expression is another disadvantage to using vectors as a means of incorporating new DNA sequence s.Residual transgender expression is when genetic material from one organism remains after it is transferred leading to the protein synthesis with the contents of the lingering DNA. Residual transgender expressions, research has been done to find alternative methods that are as practical in a clinical setting. A successful alternative to retrovirus transduction involves virus-free integration methods. In relation to cardiovascular medicinal applications, cardiologists have been successfully derived from virus- free induced plenteous cells.Shish Meta and others demonstrate that virus-free induced plenteous stem cells are able to differentiate into cardiologists with the characteristic cardiac-specific properties. The induced cardiologists showed think and thin filaments of muscle proteins, as expected to be seen normal adult cardiologists (Meta, 2011). Additionally, the induced cardiologists expressed calcium ion handling and ion channel proteins, which further confirms the heart tis sue development. Overall, the virus-free methods are preferred over retrovirus vector methods in clinical settings because the outcomes have less harmful potential in vivo.Despite some of the critical downfalls discussed, it is clear that the use of induced plenteous stem cells for regenerative medicine is ultimately useful to the field of cardiovascular medicine because it is a less invasive option that effectively restores wounded cardiac tissue by inducing cardiologists and reducing occurrences of fibrosis (Upon, 2012). Peon's paper shows that in the presence of suppositories and ceremonially, cardiologists contraction rates are affected. Drug designers working to create heart-regulatory drugs to control abnormalities in retreats now have more information to work with.Additionally, researchers are able to use this information as a platform for additional research to understand how to control irregularities in cardiology contractions. The use of regenerative medicine for cardiovas cular disease treatments is an emerging technological strategy that holds great potential for the future of human health.