Relevant leadership theories in relation to Steve Jobs

Relevant leadership theories in relation to Steve Jobs Introduction The topic of leadership has continued to be a subject of interest in the modern world both from practitioners as well as academics and the extensive research for decades has not exhausted the topic (Bennis W. , 2007). Leadership has an influence on all the facets of business. Organizations are often successful because of the set of relationships existing between the leaders and the followers. Through this essay efforts are made to apply relevant leadership theories in relation to Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Inc, one of the most commended leaders of recent times. An attempt is made to evaluate Steve Jobs leadership style using the following theories Hersey-Blanchard Situational Theory (Hersey Blanchard, 1988), Transactional Leadership (Bass, 1985; Adair 1990), Transformational leadership (Goodwin, Woffard Whittington, 2001; Tichy Devanna, 1986; Yammarino Dublinsky, 1994, Bass, 1990)theory will be used. After reviewing the literature on leadership theories relevant to this case study, based on the frameworks it will be argued whether Steve Jobs can be considered as an effective leader. Literature Review Today leadership is the one of the most known management topic at the same time attempts to understand still represents a challenge. A single definition cannot encompass many aspects of leadership (Bennis Nanus, 1985:4; Pfeffer, 1977; Kenny Zaccaro, 1983; Lord, DeVader, Alliger, 1986; Kirkpatrick Locke, 1991). The various theories of leadership help to solve somewhat the ambiguity of the definition . One of the reason for popularity to the leadership topic is that leaders action or inaction can effect people, not only in the success of an enterprise, but also in social field i.e.a group, an organization or a larger entity or a nation. (Hollander, 1992) The review of literature shows the concept of leaders trait and characteristics in the earlier studies of leadership {Bass (1990); Curphy, and Hogan (1994);S. A. Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) ; Kenny and Zaccaro (1983); Zaccaro, Foti,et al., (1991) ; Ferentinos (1996); Howard and Bray (1988)} and later theories considering various contextual environment of leadership along with the followers (Hollander, 1992). The research on leadership has evolved from the great man theory to the trait theory to behaviourist theory to Situational theory to contingency theory to transactional theory and to transformational leadership (Bolden, Gosling, Marturano, Dennison, 2003) Hersey Blanchard situational theory (McKenna E. , 2000) This model adopt consideration to relationship and task behaviour . It extends these two dimensions of leadership to four styles i.e. tell, sell, participation, and delegation. Maturity consists of two parts-job maturity and psychological maturity. Job maturity relates to technical knowledge and task-relevant skills. Psychological maturity relates to feelings of self-confidence and ability, peoples willingness to take responsibility for directing their own behaviour. Emphasis is placed on matching a style of leadership to the maturity of subordinates, and this relationship is important in determination of leadership effectiveness (Hersey Blanchard 1982). Tell : A task oriented and directive style where highly immature subordinates would be told what to do. Sell: A relationship oriented style where Subordinates on the low side of maturity, would be persuaded that a particular course of action is the most appropriate. Subordinates on the high side of maturity will be treated with a certain amount of consideration and support would be allowed to Participate in decision making . Delegation: where subordinates, highly mature will be considered capable of exercising self-direction and self control, and a high degree of autonomy. Most important in Hersey and Blanchards theory is the focus on truly situational nature of leadership and their recognition of the need for behaviour flexibility on the part of the leader (Yukl, 1981). Barrrow (1977) and Yukl (1981) argue that though the model is prescriptive for measuring leader style, style range, and effectiveness it merits much less favourable evaluations. The concept of task-relevant maturity that has been conceptually ambiguous. According to a study by Graeff (1983), it has internal consistency problems, substantial conceptual contradiction, problems with the conceptual definition of relationship behaviour and inconsistent arguments regarding the appropriateness of participative decision making contribute. Transactional and Transformational Leadership Transactional leadership occurs when one person takes the initiative in making contact with others for the purpose of an exchange of something valued; that is, leaders approach followers with an eye toward exchanging (Burns, 1978) In transactional leadership, leaders gain control of their subordinates through praise, intimidation and coercion. The transactional leader specifies the standards for compliance, and may punish followers for being out of compliance with those standards (Bass Avolio, 1997). Transactional models of leadership emphasize the implicit social exchange, or transaction, that exists between leader and followers as a feature of effectiveness. This transactional approach emphasizes a more active role for followers, with the potential for two-way influence, rather than coerced compliance (Hollander, 1992) According to Bryant (2003) Consequence of transactional leadership workers are not motivated to give anything beyond what is clearly specified in their contract. Workers may also choose to utilize their excess brain capacity by consulting or starting their own business if they are not challenged and rewarded for extra effort in the firm. The transactional leadership theory is known for its in-ward looking and self-satisfying feel, known to be most appropriate for a culture with stable conditions. (McKenna E. , 2006). Burns (1978) idea of the leader as a transforming agent has been applied to organizational leadership by Bass (1985) and Bennis and Nanus (1985) especially as a source of exceptional performance. The essential point is that the leader strives to go beyond the bounds of the usual to bring about a change in followers thinking that will redirect their action(Fiedler House, 1988). The central concept in transformational leadership theory is change and the role of leadership in envisioning and implementing the transformation of organisational performance (Bolden, Gosling, Marturano, Dennison, 2003) Transformational leaders create an atmosphere conducive to knowledge creation, sharing and exploitation. In particular, by using charisma, encouraging intellectual development and by paying individual attention to workers, transformational leaders motivate their workers to create and share knowledge. Transformational leaders inspire workers on to higher levels of innovation and effectiveness.(Bryant, 2003) Transformational leadership has been shown to have a positive relationship with performance.(Lowe, Kroeck, Sivasubramaniam) Despite the support that transformation leadership theory received there are still weakness which is identified by Yulk (1999) that is the transformational behaviours are found to be missing in Bass (1996) which are identified as inspiring (infusing the work with meaning), developing (enhancing follower skills and self-confidence), and empowering (Providing significant voice and discretion to followers). Authors (Bass 1985, 1996 ; Pawar Eastman, 1997; Pettigrew, 1987) are of the view that the situational variables which are missed may increase the likelihood of transformational leadership or moderate its effect on followers. Transformational leadership theory can have several detrimental consequences for the organisations as identified by (Harrison 1987; Stephens, DIntino, and Victor (1995); Porter, L. W., Bigley, G. A. 1997) first is that followers transformed to high degree of emotional involvement which makes them burn out their long-standing stress secondly, was being biased toward the top management, customers at the cost of others of the employees thirdly, different leaders with competing visions can create role ambiguity and role conflict. Bass and Steidlmeier (1999) argue that transformational leadership is unethical, it may appeal to emotions rather than to reason and it lacks the checks and balances of democratic discourse and power distribution. Yulk (1999) argues that the theory deals primarily with the leader follower behaviour and has given less attention at the group and organisational level. Part three Background to Case Study Critical Analysis In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula, and others, designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. Steve Jobs is the CEO of Apple, which he co-founded in 1976. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of the mouse-driven graphical user interface which led to the creation of the Macintosh. After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher education and business markets. Apples subsequent 1996 buyout of NeXT brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he has served as its CEO since 1997. Steve also co-founded and was the CEO of Pixar Animation Studios, which created some of the most successful and beloved animated films of all time including Toy Story, A Bugs Life, Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Cars and Ratatouille. Pixar merged with The Walt Disney Company in 2006 and Steve now serves on Disneys board of directors. Jobs also previously served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney. With Steve Job , Apple commands a dedicated consumer base and is know for its premium brands like iPad, iPhone, iPod, iTunes etc . Apples success is known under Steve Jobs Leadersip. Although it is not easy to characterize Steve Jobs leadership style to any one particular theory, to evaluate his leadership style two theories of leadership will be used the Transactional and Transformational theory and secondly the Hershey Blanchards situational theory. Steve Jobs leadership style seems to be both transactional and transformational theory. According to Bass (1985) and Burn (1978) both these theories more complementary than being competitive. Steve Jobs as a Transformational Leader As per the above literature review, transformational leaders are charismatic, vision oriented, encouraging intellectual development of their followers, inspiring and motivating to higher levels of effectiveness. The aspects that strongly claim that Steve Jobs leadership shows signs of transformational leadership is his charismatic personality. According to Rakesh Khurana (2002) Steve Jobs, the New Age wunderkind of Apple revered for his sucess in introducing people to the personal computer that could gaurantee our freedom (Khurana, 2002). As Steve Wozniak , the co-founder with Jobs of the Apple , tersely noted : he can always couch things in the right words . Steve Job is described as heart and soul of Apple. (Patterson, 1985) What was visionary about Jobs approach -where he surely added value- was his evangelical zeal to show people the future potential of the product. With this vision as foresight has caused Jobs to be dubbed the priceless proselytizer.(Uttal, 1985) Cocks (1983) argues that Apples co-founder, Steve Wozniak, blodly stated that Jobs did not understand computers, and the actual design of the machine has been widely credited to Wozniak. But as Wozniak also said, it never crossed my mind to sell computers. It was Steve who said Lets hold them up in the air and sell a few. It was Jobs who insisted that the computer be light and trim, well designed in muted colors. Jobs likewise pushed his engineers to make machines that will not frighten away a skittish clientele. (Cocks, 1983) Butcher (1988) argues that Jobs a perfectionist, adn as the organsiation gre, many in Apple experienced this as intolerance and self-absorption. Steve Hawkins an employee said Jobs such a perfectionist that people can never please him , hes extermly ambitious , almost to the point of megalomania.(Butcher, 1988) Transformational leadership is about encouraging innovation, bringing about a change in the thinking of its followers and being visionary in implementing transformation in the organisation performance. Steve Jobs as a transformational leader is seen in his efforts to bring innovative digital technology to mass consumer so that they can open their wallet(Deutschman, 2001). Evidence of Steve Jobs vision in making innovation accessible was Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software and Internet offerings (Young, 2005) In terms of motivation and inspiring employees to give their best of performance is a characteristic of transformational leadership . Evidence of Steve Jobs motivating and inspiring his employees is when Job when first spoke of any new idea to his employees not everyone thought it to be a successful product also at times the employees were not keen on working on such new ideas. But Jobs along with his employees was able to convert the innovative ideas into a technology which changed the way digital technology is used today . Whether it is the Macintosh computer or the newly launched ipad or iphone. It was Jobs leadership which motivated and inspired and Apple created the systems and structures that were able to convert knowledge into a valuable product. Job challenge engages his employees to reach nearly impossible goals(Bryant, 2003) (MCB UP Ltd, 2002). Job used inspiring speeches to keep his employees motivated and convey his innovative ideas to them(Harvey, 2001) Butcher (1989) agrues with an evidence by Steve Hawkins, employee of Apple puts it that most of the people werent good enough for him and would really be in a state of shock after encounters with Steve. Also Steve was very ambitious along with perfectionist and that caused a lot of trouble with moral. Young (2005) adds that apple employees were pushed to the best of their capability and performance and interactions with Steves were the ones which most of the employees feared. According to Peter Elkind (2008) Steve job has conflicting behaviours and he often had his subordinates to tears and in his angry temper he fires the employees. And yet the top management has worked with him for years and they give credit Jobs for the best job they ever did was only with him.(Elkind, 2008) Steve Job in an interview stated that he has really capable people and his job is to make the whole of his executive team good enough to be successors, so thats what hes trying to do, to push them he has aggressive visions (Morris, 2008). As an Evidence the discussion of Steve job with Morris (2008) sheds light to the criticism made by researchers Steidlmeier (1999); Yukl (1999) about the transformational leadership style in the literature review and steves transformational leadership style shows the unethical or unmoral dimensions of transformational leadership style. Also Steve jobs interactions are limited to the top management and he states that his job is to work with sort of the top 100 people, among the 20000 people at Apple. This shows his interactions are not closely related with the majority of his employees. (Morris, 2008) Steve Jobs as a Transactional Leader In addition to the above arguments about the leadership style of Steve Job. Bryant (2003) is of view that Job exhibited a combination of transformational and transactional leadership style and this helped him sucess in Apple. According to Bryant (2003) Job when visited the Xerox Parc and he took a vision of how future computers should operate. And he made his employees create the systems and structures in his company Apple where knowledge was converted into valuable products e.g. the Macintosh personal computer. The transformational leadership style was used in his vision to change the way personal computer will be operated in future and transactional leadership style was used when he incorporated his vision into reality by making his the products with the help of his employees. In an interview with Morris (2008) Steve talks about his role in the company is to recruit at the same time focus on its strategy and manage the whole business from different departments and people of the company and this is a characteristics of a transactional leadership style. Hersey Blanchard situational theory applied to Steve Jobs Steve Jobs leadership style is more reliant on his followers skills and capabilities. The Hersey Blanchard situational theory model emphasis on matching a style of leadership to the maturity of subordinates this relationship shows the determination of leadership effectiveness as mentioned in the literature review. The way job leads and his style relates to this theory . The delegating style M4-S4 is evident from Steve interview with Morris (2008) where he says that if he has hired good people and they have potential he would give them a business and left them run on their own and when a good idea comes, part of my job is to move it around, just see what different people think, get people talking about it, get ideas moving among that group of 100 people, get different people together to explore different aspects of it . The participating style M3-S3 of Hersey Blanchard situational theory is where Jobs talks about the way he takes a new idea to his employees is the environment of excellence and how his employes are self motivated , he does coach them at first and inspires them and then the employees surprise him time and again with the best of their performance (Gendron, 1989). In aanand2010-08-29T23:01:00 Did not get this para. Review it televsion interview (Cringely, 1996) Steve jobs telling style M1-S1 was evident Where he argues that he is committed to the vision and rather than for money and that he has been there always for the ultimate good of the company and there has been cases where they stopped their internal work and people did not like it and but he got a better deal for the company . this radical nature of dealing with things shows he used telling style of the Hershey Blanchard theory. Conclusion: personal reflection and recommendation In contrast to Steve Job, the managing director at my work place was a person who believed in group work at the same time allowed creative talent and ideas from each person. He involved employees in the decision making and took individual views on various projects of the company. The success of Apple following return of Steve Job is credited to the effective leadership Steve has used. The review of the literature and the theories applied to Steve Jobs and my personal experience has opened my mind to areas where Steve style of leadership can progress and can be further developed. According to Bass (1985) Leaders are central to the process of creating cultures, structures and systems that fosters knowledge creation, sharing and cultivation. Certain Industries have faster rates of technological, higher level of regulation and higher competition levels and these factors impact the leaders of the organisations (Bryant, 2003). Hence, a lesson learnt from leadership is that a leader can judge the situation and can adapt different style of leadership and this makes a leader more effective and efficient. In Steve jobs style of leadership a soft approach adopted with his employees will prove him to be more affective. Because his job involves handling people who are highly knowledgeable in the field of technology, being soft on his employees or benevolent leadership can help him get best of their performance and in return profit from his human resources and realise his vision.

Highway Marking Paints Essay

This report has been created as per the details of the letter received on 18th March from Morris Hordern, Senior Engineer of the Highways Department, and contains the results of the tests conducted by Proactive Consultants Inc. on all the available new highway paints. On the basis of our tests and in our professional opinion, Centrex’s new paint TL is the best option for highway marker painting. Highway Marking Paints 2 This project was carried out in order to test the suitability of the newly available range of highway marking paints which claim to be of better quality in terms of visibility, spraying characteristics and speed of drying. The marker painting was conducted between 12 a.m and 6 a.m. The following table documents the consolidated results of our study. The paints are lined up in the table on the basis of suitability, the best one being the first in the table. Paints that did not meet the minimum standards (as specified by ASTM D-711) of twenty minutes drying time, good spraying characteristics(as prescribed by Paint Manufacturers Association’s specification PMA-02-28H) and visibility of 7 and 6 after three months and six months of traffic wear respectively have been eliminated. Codes assigned to the paints on 25th March, 2010 (the start date of the tests) have been used to eliminate any chance of bias or manipulation. The tests were conducted on two stretches of highway- Highway 17 (concrete surface), 1.5 miles north of the intersection with Highway 43. Highway 43 (asphalt surface) 1 mile west of the intersection with Highway 17. Visibility has been rated as per the judgment of myself and 4 other drivers associated with Proactive Consultants Inc. Day visibility is judged from a distance of 500 yards (500 being a perfect 10). The points drop by two for every 100 yards less of visibility. These tests were conducted on 25th June, 2010. Night visibility is judged using high beam from a distance of 200 yards (visibility from 200 yards being a perfect 10). The points drop by two for every 40 yards less of visibility. These tests were conducted on 25th September, 2010. Based on our tests, the two best paints for highway marking are WC (which is Hi-Linear Products white paint- HILITE) and YR (which is Centrex Inc.’s new TL yellow paint) The two paint are almost equal in terms of quality. Centrex’s TL yellow paint takes 3 minutes less to dry, has slightly better visibility on concrete, after both 3 months and 6 months. The HILITE paint takes 3 minutes more than Centrex’s paint to dry has slightly better visibility on asphalt after both 3 months and 6 months. In my professional opinion, Centrex’s new TL yellow paint is the most suitable on for highway marker painting for the following reasons: 1) It is the strongest paint overall, better suited for highway marker painting than any other white or yellow highway paint, 2) Centrex is a company with which the Highway Department has been working and is thus a trustworthy source.

The Laws On Wildlife Trade In India International Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3894 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction An adult rhinoceros in Africa, during his late night walk, falls in a dug pit lined with spikes to die a slow and painful death. Another rhino in India touches a cable wire that sends 11Kwatt jolt through its massive body, electrocuting it. Their horns are pulled out. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Laws On Wildlife Trade In India International Law Essay" essay for you Create order Price of each horn being: US$450,000. Deep inside a tiger sanctuary, a carcass is laced with deadly poison as bait for the unsuspecting tiger. The tiger eats the dead meat only to die a horrific death. Price: On request ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ because every little body part of tiger is shamefully high to quote. An unsuspecting Slow Loris is trapped. Its canine teeth are brutally extracted using pliers, without any anesthetic, to prevent it from biting. It is joined by hundreds of others as a major consignment. It endures this painful hell and infection only to be sold for $.4, 500 Pregnant mothers are killed to get the unborn fetal lamb. The fetal pelt is made into exquisite fur. A coat made of broadtail fur of 30 fetal lambs fetch anywhere between $13,000 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ $25,000. (Source: https://treesouls.com/wildlife-conservation/illegal-wildlife-trade-in-india-the-blackmarket- of-life/) The instances of thi s gory trade are varied many and more horrific than the other. Trade in wildlife has reached unprecedented levels. From small time poaching and hunting, it has grown into a well-organized, sophisticated network across the world, which carry out a trade ring worth an estimated 6 to 20 billion dollars worldwide (MoEF, 1994), second to narcotics trade in magnitude. The global wildlife trade includes primates, ivory from African elephants, orchids, live birds, reptile skins, butterflies, animal furs, and tropical fish. 3 China has always been the biggest consumer of the wildlife produce, placing itself on the first spot. This comes as no surprise as traditional Chinese medicine comprises of the natural flora and fauna in its various forms. USA accounts for an estimated 70% of the worlds illegal wildlife trade. USA is the emerging biggest consumer and grandest market for illegal wildlife trade. The west European countries and Far East form the third largest chunk of buyers while Africa, central Asia and the Caribbean are emerging as the largest sellers of illegal wildlife products. India, home to many species like tiger, elephant, rhino, snow leopard, and musk deer, which are highly valued in this trade, has consequently become a target for poaching and export of wildlife products. Wildlife Trafficking and Trade in India India prizes itself in its natural wealth and bio diversity. The number of plants and animal species contained in our national boundary are innum erable and priceless. Boasting of varied climes, abundant and exquisite flora and fauna makes India an ideal destination for nature lovers, tourism and now the illegal traders of wildlife. India is one of the leading suppliers of the most coveted wildlife products like Tigers, rhinos, birds, plants. India is strategically placed between the supplying and buying countries. It has the twin advantage of abetting this trade and it does it pretty well. Many countries import many wildlife and its products from India. This has made many species to fall in the categories of vulnerable or endangered species and even go extinct. Man is not sparing any species starting from deer to tigers to owls. Illegal wildlife trading is as frequent as mans greed in India. 4 Indias Stance on Wildlife Trade and Illegal Trafficking India has always been struggling to save it natural wealth. There are many individuals, organizations and Government bodies that realize and champion the cause of the wildlife. Efforts have been on since many decades to eradicate and contain the illegal trade menace. Some noteworthy causes are: World Wildlife Fund ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ WWF was formed on April 29, 1961, and its first office was opened at IUCNs headquarters in Morges, Switzerland. H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands became the organizations first president. WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by 5 million members globally. Using the best available scientific knowledge and advancing that knowledge, they work to preserve the diversity and abundance of life on Earth and the health of ecological systems by I. protecting natural areas and wild populations of plants and animals, including endangered species; II. Promoting sustainable approaches to the use of renewable natural resources. (Source: https://www.worldwildlife.org/who/History/index.html) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ It was passed under article 252of the Constitution at the request of 11 states was intended to provide a comprehensive national legal framework for wildlife protection. The Act adopts a two pronged conservation strategy: 5 I. Specified endangered species are protected regardless of location, and II. All species are protected in specified areas. Under Amendment 42nd, 1976, Article 48-A was introduced: The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. Similarly, Article 51-A imposes fundamental duty as under: It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. After the introduction of Entries 17-A and 17-B was introduced in the List III of the Seventh Schedule, the Parliament was empowered to enact laws without recourse to Article 252. This Act has been amended in 2002 and it is evident that the Act has been enacted for the following two purposes: I. To provide for protection of wild animals, birds and plants and for matters connected therewith or ancillary o r incidental thereto. II. To ensure the ecological and environmental security of the country. Section 2 deals with definitions like animal, captive animal, habitat, hunting etc. it also discuss about the National Parks, Protected Areas, Reserve Forest, Sanctuary wildlife etc. National Board was formed under the Section 5 of the Act to frame policies and advising Central Government and State Government. Article 9 says: No person shall hunt any wild animals specifies in Schedule I, II and III of the Act. (Source: Environmental Law by P.S. Jaswal and Nishtha Jaswal) 6 CITES ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. CITES was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of IUCN (The World Conservation Union). The text of the convention was finally agreed at a meeting of representatives of 80 countries in Washington DC., United States of America, on 3 March 1973, and on 1 July 1975 CITES entered in force. India is a member of CITES. About 5,000 species of animals and 28,000 species of plants are protected by CITES against over-exploitation through international trade. (Source: https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/what.shtml) TRAFFIC ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ It was established in 1976. It is an organization governed by TRAFFIC Committee, a steering group composed of members of TRAFFICs partner organizations, WWF and IUCN. A central aim of TRAFFICs activities is to contribute to the wildlife trade-related priorities of these partners. TRAFFIC also works in close co-operation with the Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). TRAFFICs global network is research-driven, action-oriented, and committed to delivering innovative and practical solutions to wildlife trade issues based on the latest information. (Source: https://www.traffic.org/overview/) 7 Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ It was founded in 1994 by Belinda Wright, its Executive Director, who was an award-winning wildlife photographer and filmmaker. WPSIs main aim has been to bring a new focus to the daunting task of tackling Indias growing wildlife crisis. It does this by providing support and information to government authorities to combat poaching and the escalating illegal wildlife trade particularly in wild tigers. It has now broadened its focus to deal with human-animal conflicts and provide support for research projects. It is a registered non-profit organization, funded by a wide range of Indian and international donors. (Source: https://www.wpsi-india.org/wpsi/index.php) Wildlife trust of IndiaÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ It is a non-profit conservation organization, committed to urgent action that works towards the protection of Indias wildlife. It was formed in Nov 1998. The principal concerns include crisis management and provision of quick, efficient aid to individuals or habitat. The core team includes scientists, field biologists, conservation managers, lawyers, veterinarians etc. WTI is a registered charity in India (under Section 12A of the Income Tax Act, 1961) and is mandated by its Board of Trustees to ensure that 85 % of all specified donor monies go to the field. (Source: https://www.wti.org.in/pages/about-wti.html) 8 Coalition against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ India and USA, in cooperation with several other governments and organizations, have jointly entered into an agreement to curb and contain the wildlife trade. The objective of this coalition is to curb the trade, enhance anti-trafficking law enforcement, rescuing wild animals and returning them to their native habitats, etc. its main aim is to focus public and political attention and resources on ending the illegal trade in wildlife and wildlife products. (Source: https://www.cawtglobal.org/about/) 9 Cases regarding wildlife trading (Source: www.wildlifelaw.in) Indian Handicrafts Emporium Vs. Union of India AIR 2003 Sc 3240 The manufacturers and sellers of articles of art and craft made of ivory challenged the 1991 Amendment to WLPA that prohibited trade in imported ivory. They had not disposed of the ivory within the stipulated period. The High Court upheld the amendment. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined the constitutional challenge and held that the prohibition of import of ivory is fully justified under Art 19 (6) of the constitution. A trade which is dangerous to ecology may be regulated or totally prohibited. Implementation of Directive Principles is within the expression of restrictions in the interest of the general public. Balancing the social interest and the fundamental rights, a total prohibition is reasonable. Justice SB Sinha held: The principal object for which dealing in ivory imported from Africa had been prohibited was to see that while holding the stock the people may not deal in Indian ivory which may be procured from illegal killings of Indi an elephant. The Amending Act indirectly seeks to protect Indian Elephant and to arrest their further depletion. Wildlife forms part of our cultural heritage. Animal plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance. The amendments have been brought for the purpose of saving the endangered species from extinction as also for arresting depletion in their numbers caused by callous exploitation thereof. It was held that not only trade or occupation in relation to ivory in question is prohibited but possession or any transfer thereof in any manner whatsoever is prohibited under the Act subject, however, to the provisions of sub-sections (1), (3) and (6) of 49-C of the Act. 10 Balram Kumawat Vs. Union of India Ors. CJI, S.B. Sinha Arun Kumar. CASE NO.: Appeal (civil) 7536 of 1997 Appeal (civil) 7537 of 1997 in the Supreme Court of India DATE OF JUDGMENT: 27/08/2003 JUDGMENT: S.B. SINHA, J: QUESTION: Whether mammoth ivory imported in India answers the description of the words ivory imported in India contained in Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (hereinafter referred to as the said Act) as amended by Act No. 44 of 1991 is the question involved in these appeals which arise out of a common judgment and order dated 20.3.1997 passed by a Division Bench of the Delhi High Court. FACTUAL BACKGROUND: The appellants M/s Unigems had imported mammoth fossil said to be of an extinct species in the year 1987. The stock of mammoth fossil held by the appellants is said to be periodically checked by the statutory authorities. The appellant in the other case Balram Kumawat is a carver. The appellants state that mammoth ivory is distinguishable by visual and non-destructive means visa- vis elephant ivory and even in Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) their distinguishing features have been pointed out. As Mammoth is an extinct species and as what is being used for carving is its fossil which is called ivory because it has white and hard dentine substance which is also available in other 11 animals, namely, Whale, Walrus, Hippos and Warthog; it was urged, they cannot be included in the term ivory within the meaning of the provisions of the said Act. FINDINGS: In the connected matter in Indian Handicrafts Emporium Ors.Vs. Union of India Ors. (Civil Appeal No. 7533 of 1997) disposed of this date; this Court upheld the constitutional validity of the provisions of the said Act. This Court held that in terms of Sub-Section (7) of Section 49-C of the Act all persons in general and traders in particular have become disentitled from keeping in their control any animal article including ivory imported in India. This Court further held that as a logical corollary to the said finding, the statutory authorities would be entitled to take possession of such ivory in terms thereof; the purport and object of the Act being to impose a complete ban on trade in ivory. A complete prohibition has been imposed in the trade of ivory (whether imported in In dia or extracted by killing Indian elephants) for the purpose of protecting the endangered species. The purport and object of the Act, as noticed in the judgment in Indian Handicrafts Emporium (supra), is that nobody can carry on business activity in imported ivory so that while doing so, trade in ivory procured by way of poaching of elephants may be facilitated. The Parliament, therefore, advisedly used the word ivory instead of elephant ivory. For the purpose of determination of the question, only the dictionary meaning of the term ivory was considered. The object of the Parliament was not only to ban trade in imported elephant ivory but ivory of every description so that poaching of elephant can be effectively restricted. 12 G.R. Simon and Others etc. Vs Union of India, and Others M. Jagannadha Rao, C.J., Anil Dev Singh and Manmohan Sarin, JJ. Decided On: 20.03.1997 Civil Writ Petn. Nos. 2750 of 1986 with 3586, 819 and 437 etc. etc. of 1987 and 207 of 1989 IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI ORDER In this case there are batches of writ petitions filed by the manufacturers, wholesalers and dealers engaged in retail trade of tanned, cured and finished skins of animals. Petitioners are also engaged in retail trade of articles made of skin, hereinafter referred to as the animal articles. The petitioners in the above writ petitions had challenged the introduction of provisions of Chapter VA in the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 by Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act 1986, together with notification issued hereunder as being violative of Article 19(1) (g) read with Articles 300 and 300A of the Constitution of India. The petitioners claim to have applied for licenses and were granted licenses in various categories and claim to have carried on their business as valid license holders. The schedule to the Act was amended in 1927 which included snake skin and the authorities stopped permission for export of snake skin. The impugned Act rendered joble ss the petitioners who carried on their legitimate trade, business and occupation, without any compensation. The petitioners, who had lawfully acquired skin and skin articles of animals already killed and had invested huge amounts of money, were deprived of their sources of livelihood. It resulted in extinction of fundamental rights of the petitioner under Article 19(1) (g). Court vides interim order made on 23-1-1987 permitted the petitioners to make the declaration of stocks. 13 The petitioners had been provided under the Act a period of two months to dispose of their stocks and as noticed above in fact as a result of petitions filed and orders passed, the petitioners have enjoyed the opportunity to sell for a period of nearly six years till February, 1993. Accordingly, the petitioners cannot have any legitimate grievance of denial of opportunity in this regard. Neither the State nor the Bharat Leather Corporation and the State Trading Corporation are under any legal obligation to buy the stocks of the petitioners in acceptance of the one time sale proposition advanced by the petitioners. The petitioners are also not entitled to any further time for disposal of stocks. The stocks of the petitioners would, therefore, be liable to be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. The provisions of Chapter V-A, introduced by the Amending Act of 1986 to the Wild Life Act of 1972 were held val id. Hence for the aforesaid reasons the writ petitions were dismissed. Discussion- Point here to be noticed is that India does not take long to abide law to any illegal activity but there is no authority to cross-check if the laws are strictly followed or not. Law is violated without fear and no stringent action is taken against it. Moreover, the law procedure is too lengthy to be implemented that illegal activities takes a new irreversible turn in the meantime. 14 Feel Good News Soon Rs 1 Cr fine for killing tiger Hindustan Times: 20th October, 2010 Wildlife poachers can soon be jailed for a minimum of seven years and fined at least Rs 30 lakh for killing endangered species, and the country will have two bodies to regulate international wildlife trade. The law ministry on Tuesday approved over 100 amendments in the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, bringing it in tune with wildlife protection laws across the world by including regulation of species not native to India, a requirement under a global convention on wildlife. Environment minister Jairam Ramesh said the bill, which strengthens the powers of forest and enforcement agencies, will be introduced in the winter session of Parliament after getting the cabinets approval. To provide the highest degree of legal protection to the most vulnerable animals against poaching, the amendments have put tigers, whose population is said to be less than 1,411, in Category 1. Other endangered animals in this category inc lude lions, elephants, rhinos, crocodiles and antelopes. Killing an animal in Category 1 could attract a minimum jail term of five years and maximum of seven. The fine prescribed ranges from Rs 5 lakh to Rs 1 crore. For species under Category 2, including endangered birds, the jail term suggested is between three to five years and fine of up to Rs 3 lakh. 15 For the cause of endangered wildlife Traffic India, a wildlife trade monitoring network, has released four brand new public service announcements as part of its ongoing Dont Buy Trouble campaign that advises tourists to be careful of what they buy as souvenirs during their travel to India. The posters send a clear message that it is not only the poachers and traders of endangered wildlife who are liable for punishment under Indias Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, but also those who purchase and use such items. Ignorance of the law is not an excuse, said a release issued by the Traffic India. Other posters warn against buying Shahtoosh shawls stating that for the making one shawl two or three Chirus are killed. Buying these shawls is a criminal offence and is punishable. (Source: https://www.traffic.org/home/?currentPage) Veerappan of North India imprisoned Hard News Magazine: 19th October, 2010 In a historic judgment a Delhi court awarded six years imprisonment the maximum term mandated by the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act to notorious wildlife trader Sansar Chand, also known as the Veerappan of north India. The case dates back to 1995 when he was caught red-handed with a leopard skin. Chand is considered responsible for the complete wipe-out of the big cat from the Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan. According to wildlife law enforcers, around 250 tigers have fallen prey to Chands vicious demand for tiger parts. This judgment has brought cheer to many conservationists who hope it can dissuade people from entering and pursuing the banned trade. 16 3 sentenced to jail for wild boar poaching Kendrapada | Monday, Oct 25 2010 A Judicial Magistrate First Class (JMFC) court of Pattamundai under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 has remanded three poachers, who were arrested on Saturday for killing a wild boar, in to police custody. Dangamala Forest Range Officer Durga Charan Sahu said the three accused trapped a wild boar by entering illegally into the Kantika Forest block under the Bhitarkanika National Park.Later, they killed the wild boar and sold its meat at Talachua and Tikayatnagar. Acting on a tip-off, a forest team conducted raid and seized the cooked wildboar meat from the house of one Subala Singh of Talachua village. The three arrested people were later produced before the court which remanded them into jail custody after rejecting their bail petitions. (Source: https://www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-70497.html) 1,600 kg of sea cucumber seized Naval personnel detained five fishermen and seized two boats along with 1600 kg of sea cucumber, an endangered marine species, in Rameswaram. Sources said sea cucumber poaching came to light when personnel of Naval Detachment of Rameswaram carried out random check on mechanised boats, which were seen near the Kothandaramar temple shore. While six fishermen of a boat, which had 900 kg of sea cucumber, escaped after abandoning the boat, five fishermen of another boat were secured with 600 kg of sea cucumbers, which were alive when they were brought to the shore. Later, they were produced before the Judicial Magistrate court in Rameswaram, which ordered 15 days judicial custody. On the direction of the court, sea cucumbers were destroyed. 17 (Source: https://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/enablers/traffic/news_from_trafficking_trade/) Long way to goÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ Wildlife trafficking has grown into such a lucrative number that it testifies the fact that there is no end to man wants, greed and insensitivity. The trade has spread in all sections of society and continues to grow. If left unchecked, this will soon spell the end of several ecosystems on which man depends. India is still plagued with illiteracy, poverty etc. this only pushes the need for quick money, without giving a second thought to its consequences. India lives in mindset that views animals as resources that should be used, when in need. To protect animals requires a sea change in the way animals are seen. India has wildlife laws that are very stringent but have no means to enforce them. Reason is corruption. The money is spent on good causes but mostly reaches the wrong pockets. The main need of the time is waking up of people sensitivity towards this issue. They should start feel for the country and its ecology rather than their own greed. Ignorance, coupled with insensitivity, rules. Active cooperation of the public is needed. There should be more a participatory approach to wildlife conservation. Though government is trying to look the matter from new perspective and the involved officials are doing a committed job but a lot is demanded from the common man. The consequences have to be imprint into them so that their duty overheard their greed. 18 We need to change- Wildlife extinction is so connected with all eco-systems that a slight tilt in its balance causes unimaginable disturbances in our normal life we are the direct and indirect consumers of life. The change needs to come within us. We must understand and curb the ways in which we are contributing to the offence. Stop buying wildlife and wildlife parts and products made by using them. If there are no buyers, there will be no sellers and no poachers then. We must be a part of organizations who indulge in protecting the wildlife. We must educate people and spread awareness. We must report any instance of illegal trade that we come across. We must realize that these ecosystems have sustained mankind for so long. And now, its our turn to sustain it. 19

ESL Present Perfect Worksheets

The present perfect isnt a verb tense unique to English, but it can still be complicated for beginning ESL students to master. Though French, Italian, German, and Spanish use the present perfect to address past events, in English, the present perfect connects a past moment to the present moment in time. The present perfect is often used either to reference life experiences, to invoke recent past events that have influenced the present moment or to reference a span of time that began in the past and extends into the present. The present perfect is one of the most difficult tenses to teach and to learn. Below is a quick review of the present perfect, followed by two worksheets designed to help ESL students practice their use of the verb tense. Present Perfect Positive Form Review Subject have   past participle objects Examples: Tom has lived in New York for 10 years.We have studied French since 2003. Present Perfect Negative Form Subject have not past participle objects Examples: She hasnt met Peter.They havent finished the job yet. Present Perfect Question Form (Question Word) have subject past participle? Examples: Has she worked here for a long time?Where has she gone? Important Note:  Regular past participles in -ed, irregular past participles of verbs vary and must be studied. Yet / Just / Already Yet is used in the present perfect negative and question forms.Just is used in the present perfect positive form.Already is used in the present perfect positive form. Examples: Have you finished the job yet?Shes just left for Chicago.Theyve already eaten lunch. Since / For Since and for are common time expressions used with the present perfect tense. Since is used with specific dates. For is used with periods of time. Examples: Janet has worked at this company since 1997.Weve lived in this house for five years. Present Perfect Worksheet 1 Conjugate the verb in parentheses using the form indicated. In the case of questions, use the indicated subject as well. How long ______ (he/live) in New Jersey?Peter ______ (not play) baseball since 1987.I ______ (speak) Russian for 20 years.We _____ (not see) Tom since Christmas.Has ________ (Alan/fly) in an airplane before?Shannon _____ (not/go) to lunch yet.Our class _____ (take) a field trip three times this year.Where _____ (they/move) to?Jennifer _____ (ask) that question four times today.You _____ (not eat) lunch yet, have you?Jason _____ (want) to move to New York since he was 5 years old.How long _____ (they/know) Peter?Alexandra _____ (work) for IBM since 2002.Jeff _____ (buy) a few books this week.Sally ______ (not read) that book yet._____ (they/leave) for work yet?Bill _____ (not/drive) very far today.We _____ (enjoy) eating seafood all of our lives._____ (he/watch) the documentary yet?I _____ (not/finish) the job yet. Present Perfect Worksheet 2 Choose the correct time expression used with the present perfect tense. They have lived in that house (since/for) 10 years.She has (just/yet) gone to the bank.Franklin hasnt arrived in Boston (yet/already)We have worked at this company (since/for) 2008.Jason hasnt telephoned me (since/for) two weeks.How (long/much) have you known Susan?Theyve (already/yet) studied the past simple tense.Our mothers have (just/yet) left for the station.The president has traveled to more than 20 countries (since/for) he was elected.Thomas hasnt had time to read the book (just/yet).Alice has told me shes (yet/already) been to that park.My daughters (just/since) finished her homework.Have they (already/yet) spoken to Mr. Peters?Ive (just/for) interviewed the best candidate for the job.Our coach hasnt chosen the starting team (already/yet).Bob and Tim have (already/yet) decided where they are going on vacation.Have you purchased a new computer (just/yet)?Sam has wanted to go to Japan (for/since) he was a little child.Jason hasnt worked here (since/for) very long.Our boss has ( just/yet) hired a new engineer. _______________________________________________________________________________ Present Perfect Worksheet  1 - Corrections Conjugate the verb in parentheses using the form indicated. In the case of questions, use the indicated subject as well. How long  has he lived  in New Jersey?Peter  hasnt played baseball  since 1987.I  have spoken  Russian for 20 years.We  havent seen  Tom since Christmas.Has Alan flown  in an airplane before?Shannon  hasnt gone  to lunch yet.Our class  has taken  a field trip three times this year.Where  have they moved  to?Jennifer  has asked  that question four times today.You  havent eaten  lunch yet, have you?Jason  has wanted  to move to New York since he was 5 years old.How long  have they known  Peter?Alexandra  has worked  for IBM since 2002.Jeff  has bought  a few books this week.Sally  hasnt read  that book yet.Have they left  for work yet?Bill  hasnt driven  very far today.We  have enjoyed  eating seafood all of our lives.Has he watched  the documentary yet?I  havent finished  the job yet. Present Perfect Worksheet 2 - Corrections Choose the correct time expression used with the present perfect tense. They have lived in that house  for  10 years.She has  just  gone to the bank.Franklin hasnt arrived in Boston  yet.We have worked at this company  since  2008.Jason hasnt telephoned me  for  two weeks.How  long  have you known Susan?Theyve  already  studied the past simple tense.Our mothers have  just  left  for  the station.The President has traveled to more than 20 countries  since  he was elected.Thomas hasnt had time to read the book  yet.Alice told me shes  already  been to that park.My daughters  just  finished her homework.Have they  already  spoken to Mr. Peters?Ive  just  interviewed the best candidate for the job.Our coach hasnt chosen the starting team  yet.Bob and Tim have  already  decided where they are going on vacation.Have you purchased a new computer  yet?Sam has wanted to go to Japan  since  he was a little child.Jason hasnt worked here  for  very long.Our boss has  just  hired a new engine er.