STATEGIC MARKETING PLANNING AND COMMUNICATION Essay

STATEGIC MARKETING PLANNING AND COMMUNICATION - Essay Example Ecological Analysis of Pfizer When taking a gander at the difficulties for Pfizer, it is essential to take a gander at the earth of the whole pharmaceutical industry. Over the most recent couple of years, this industry has gotten as serious as some other. Due to innovative advances, the more tight controls that have been place on administrative consistence and â€Å"volatile financial specialist confidence† (Verbigena Consulting, n.d.) the pharmaceutical business has gotten serious. There are numerous approaches to see how this has occurred and its impact on explicit organizations in the business. For this investigation this specialist has utilized the PEST (political, monetary, social and mechanical) model. In this model, it is critical to recognize those issues that are a piece of the condition that makes the pharmaceutical organization meet the opposition just as meet the earth head on. Thusly, they can break down their opposition to ensure that they are doing what is requi red. Political investigation In taking a gander at the pharmaceutical business, it has become progressively serious on the grounds that there has been an accentuation on human services everywhere throughout the world. Individuals are living longer and they have more access to elective modalities of medicinal services. Likewise, medicinal services has gotten progressively costly to the normal shopper which as implied that there should be change on all levels. Medicinal services isn't only a monetary weight to an economy however it is additionally a social weight. This implies governmental issues become possibly the most important factor when there should be changes to advance social government assistance (In the UK the National Healthcare Service banter over Medicare is one model). Financial Value The pharmaceutical business is anticipated to increment later on. Since 2003, there have been generous builds in view of â€Å"high esteem mergers and acquisitions† (Verbigena Consul ting, p. 3.). Numerous experts have anticipated that pharmaceutical stock would increment to 10.5% by 2010 which implied that deals would reach $500 billion. This isn't impossible on the grounds that our social orders are ones that are dependant on drugs (both over the counter and solution) for some sicknesses and to battle illness. Albeit a vast lion's share of deals start in the US, Japan and EU, 80% of deals are appropriated more than nine nations: â€Å"US, Japan, France, Germany, UK, Italy, Canada, Brazil and Spain† (Verbigena Consulting, p. 3). Deals are relied upon to increment as individuals age and social insurance is transformed. Social Value Everyone is focusing on acceptable wellbeing today. There are numerous articles over the Internet that advise individuals what to look like better, how to shed pounds, how to quit maturing and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Along these lines, pharmaceutical organizations have a territory that is continually developing. Wor ldwide pestilences like AIDS or SARS have helped the pharmaceutical organizations push for a fix and their pursuit has made an open door in the media to follow their advancement. This likewise implies the pharmaceutical organizations need to keep great relations with the media, government and different associations that can assist them with keeping the world out that they are working admirably. Innovation Technology has improved throughout the years and science has been one of those enhancements. The pharmaceutical organizations need to stay aware of the innovative requests in the entirety of the businesses they take an interest inside. Additionally, these organizations need to spend more cash on innovative work so their representatives will turn out to be increasingly creative in delivering their items. Legitimate The FDA and other lawful

Free Essays on Holocaust

The Holocaust is likely one of the most misconstrued verifiable occasions of present day times. There are those that disparage the degree of world information about the German barbarities. There are additionally those whom are oblivious of the manner by which the Jews responded to their circumstance. The fantastic degree of off base data about the Holocaust which individuals have been educated is an extreme issue that must be rectified right away. The main arrangement is the instruction of the majority. It is basic that advanced society completely welcome the fear of the Holocaust so as to forestall it?s reoccurrence. Most importantly, we should address the paradoxes concerning the world?s information on what was going on. It is regularly expected and instructed that the Holocaust part of World War II was such a very much left well enough alone, that nobody knew about it until sometime later, in any case, this is false. There were different ways that the world was advised of these ab horrences. Different countries and different Jewish people group picked up information on the barbarity and sat idle. The people pulling the strings were advised ordinarily of what was happening. On September 29 and 30, 1941 there was a mass murdering at Babi Yar, a Russian city close to Kiev. Correspondents in Kiev were sending the story to their distributers inside three days, it was never printed. A Swiss-German industrialist, subsequent to having been welcome to watch a mass executing, sent photos to Winston Churchill and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, they were disregarded. In February 1942, the Vatican and the Red Cross got affirmed reports of the Holocaust. In the wake of talking about whether to intercede, they inferred that they needed to stay quiet, so as not to bargain their nonpartisanship. In July of 1942, news reports of the killings were broadcast in London, be that as it may, nothing happened to it in light of the fact that the reports were in French. Leader of the CIA, Allen Dulles got a record of the camps from two prisoners in 1944. Notwithstanding being quote-unquote ?significantly shocked?... Free Essays on Holocaust Free Essays on Holocaust The Holocaust is likely one of the most misconstrued recorded occasions of present day times. There are those that belittle the degree of world information about the German monstrosities. There are likewise those whom are uninformed of the manner by which the Jews responded to their circumstance. The amazing degree of mistaken data about the Holocaust which individuals have been instructed is an extreme issue that must be remedied right away. The main arrangement is the instruction of the majority. It is basic that cutting edge society completely value the dread of the Holocaust so as to forestall it?s reoccurrence. Above all else, we should address the errors concerning the world?s information on what was going on. It is regularly expected and encouraged that the Holocaust segment of World War II was such a very much left well enough alone, that nobody knew about it until sometime later, be that as it may, this is false. There were different ways that the world was told of these abh orrences. Different countries and different Jewish people group picked up information on the barbarity and sat idle. The people pulling the strings were informed ordinarily of what was happening. On September 29 and 30, 1941 there was a mass murdering at Babi Yar, a Russian city close to Kiev. Journalists in Kiev were sending the story to their distributers inside three days, it was never printed. A Swiss-German industrialist, subsequent to having been welcome to watch a mass executing, sent photos to Winston Churchill and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, they were overlooked. In February 1942, the Vatican and the Red Cross got affirmed reports of the Holocaust. Subsequent to talking about whether to mediate, they inferred that they needed to stay quiet, so as not to bargain their lack of bias. In July of 1942, news reports of the killings were circulated in London, in any case, nothing happened to it on the grounds that the reports were in French. Leader of the CIA, Allen Dulles got a re cord of the camps from two prisoners in 1944. In spite of being quote-unquote ?significantly shocked?... Free Essays on Holocaust The Holocaust is a term that is equal with slaughter. In the Webster Merriam word reference this term has two implications; the first is a penance devoured by fire. The subsequent significance is an intensive obliteration including broad death toll particularly through fire. With respect to the authentic occasion known as the Holocaust, the subsequent definition is the most fitting. This definition is proper in light of the fact that that is actually what the Holocaust was: a finished annihilation of a group of individuals, essentially Jews, using fire (fundamentally broilers in which their bodies were singed in). When talking about obliteration, it is imperative to comprehend that not exclusively were bodies and lives demolished, however the soul of the Jewish individuals was broken. There are a wide range of inquiries concerning the Holocaust that have risen extra time. Regardless of whether the Holocaust at any point existed has been bantered for quite a long time. Right up 'til the present time individuals have questioned the genuine presence of the Holocaust, just as the issue of to what extent the Holocaust was very for or when it even begun. When, however where everything occur, is additionally an appropriate piece of understanding the full impact of this sickening period in time. Likewise another generally held perspective and contention was if the Jews opposed or if the Jews capitulated to the Nazi party and Hitler. Inside this paper I will affirm that in reality the holocaust really happened by examining the start of the holocaust, focusing on explicit camps, and afterward discussing how it influences the Jewish individuals today. The holocaust started when a man by the name of Adolf Hitler came into power, and was determined to obliterate as a significant part of the Jewish populace that he could. Hitler had the option to come to control through a few unique reasons. Long haul harshness, an inadequate constitution, cash, publicity, assaults on different gatherings, and individual characteristics all contributed. Also the way that Hitler wa... Free Essays on Holocaust The Holocaust is a term that is equal with massacre. In the Webster Merriam word reference this term has two implications; the first is a penance devoured by fire. The subsequent importance is an exhaustive devastation including broad death toll particularly through fire. Concerning the authentic occasion known as the Holocaust, the subsequent definition is the most fitting. This definition is fitting since that is actually what the Holocaust was: a finished devastation of an order of individuals, fundamentally Jews, using fire (essentially stoves in which their bodies were scorched in). When discussing demolition, it is essential to comprehend that not exclusively were bodies and lives devastated, however the soul of the Jewish individuals was broken. There are various inquiries concerning the Holocaust that have risen extra time. Regardless of whether the Holocaust at any point existed has been bantered for quite a long time. Right up 'til today individuals have questioned the real presence of the Holocaust, just as the issue of to what extent the Holocaust was quite for or when it even begun. When, yet where everything occur, is likewise a relevant piece of understanding the full impact of this stunning period in time. Additionally another broadly held perspective and contention was if the Jews opposed or if the Jews surrendered to the Nazi party and Hitler. Inside this paper I will affirm that in certainty the holocaust really happened by examining the start of the holocaust, focusing on explicit camps, and afterward discussing how it influences the Jewish individuals today. The holocaust started when a man by the name of Adolf Hitler came into power, and was determined to demolish as a significant part of the Jewish populace that he could. Hitler had the option to come to control through a few distinct reasons. Long haul sharpness, an insufficient constitution, cash, promulgation, assaults on different gatherings, and individual characteristics all contributed. Also the way that Hitler wa... Free Essays on Holocaust The Holocaust during World War II was seemingly one of the most exceedingly awful human actuated fiascos that have happened to mankind. The Holocaust organized by the Nazi Empire crushed a huge number of lives and made inquiries concerning mankind that may never be replied. Numerous mental impacts brought about by the Holocaust always changed the manner in which the Jewish individuals see the world and themselves. The Jewish individuals have been scarred for ages and may always be unable to by and by partner with the remainder of the free world. Further, these scars have now become the mirror through which the survivors and their kids see the world. Through limited eyes, the survivors relate everything to the encounters they suffered during the Holocaust. Moreover, these new perspectives on the world shapes how the survivors live, collaborate, and raise a family both socially and profoundly. A few survivors are scarred so profoundly they can't get away from the past sentiments and pi ctures of dread; analysts call this â€Å"Survivor Syndrome†. An overcomer of the war is one who has experienced, been presented to, or saw passing, and has himself of herself stayed alive. The side effects influenced survivors, yet their families also. These side effects were additionally brought about by a portion of the frightening encounters that happened particularly to the Jewish ladies. The manifestations incorporated a powerlessness to work, and even now and again to talk. The Jewish individuals dread that it might happen once more. Likewise a dread of formally dressed cops as a result of their situation of intensity turned out to be extremely normal. There were additionally numerous sentiments of blame for having endure when others had not. For what reason am I alive? â€Å"Why not my sister and brother...my entire family? The Jewish holocaust survivors offered those and other conversation starters. The survivors had musings of death, bad dreams, alarm assaults, and different side effects. Lack of engagement throughout everyday life, individuals, and once in a while even in all actuality assumed a gigantic job in conjugal

Nightmares of a Perfectionist

Nightmares of a Perfectionist Perfectionism is a futile endeavor. As a perfectionist, I speak from experience. And this is my confessionary hymn. At times my perfectionism haunts me. All the pleasure of getting it right  can be immediately wiped out by small, debilitating imperfections: the sharp stabbing pain of a negative criticism, the disappointment of a brightly illuminated flaw, the vitriolic feeling brought forth by a set of rolled eyes. Our culture reinforces certain standards we cannot live up to: the women with their half-a-serving hips adorning the covers of magazines, the expensively dressed celebutantes wearing an average-persons annual salary on her wrist, the modern-day rockstars and Fonzarellis plastered all over billboards and TV screens. Attempting to keep up with these false standards is tantamount to playing a rigged gameâ€"the game of Perfectionism is designed for failure. And even if we could win at this game, it wouldnt make us happy. Contentment comes from within, not from the entrapment of protruding hipbones or the bling-bling of consumer purchases. And yet we continue to play this game with religious devotionâ€"myself included. Everyone is subject to public scrutiny at some level. Once your thoughts exit your mouth, people will judge you. Once a creationâ€"a new book, a work project, a term paperâ€"is released to the world, even its most subtle flaws are glaring. But we cant hide every thought, hold back every word, restrain every impulse. And the fact that we cant mask all our imperfections is actually a good thing. Thats because our faults improve us; they help us grow. Once we put our individual problems out in the open, they are far more noticeable, and thus we feel compelled to address those problems. For example, Ive noticed this phenomena within myself and this website. By writing about my life, my transformations, and my continued pursuit of personal refinement, Ive put myself out there,  as it were. Many of you know more about me than certain members of my family do. Ergo, my public display of self forces me to grow in ways I wouldnt otherwise grow, allowing me to learn important new lessons about life. The truth is that we are all imperfect. And if I waited for everything to be perfect, Id be waiting in perpetuity, and my writings would never exist. So instead, I write and then release it to the world, warts and all. Consequently, Ive learned a valuable lesson by exposing my blemishes to the world: Ive learned to be happy with my efforts and my growth, not with perfection. Truth be told, I work incredibly hard on everything I do, and Im proud of that fact. It is exciting and gratifying to write these words for youâ€"to create something from nothing. Everything I do is inherently imperfect. But Im happy when I can look myself in the mirror and know its the absolute best I can do. Similarly, its just as gratifying to share what Ive learned about writing with the students in my online writing class, opening myself up in yet another way, airing out my flaws in front of an intimate audience, finding new ways to learn and prosper. Irrespective of the arena, whenever I air out my flaws, I grow. I think the same goes for all other areas of life, too. Health. If you want a perfect body, youll never have it. Instead, you can focus on having a better body; you can focus on having a healthier body while enjoying the process of exercising and strengthening your health. Relationships. If youre looking for the perfect partner or friend or co-worker, youll lose every time. People are, by nature, imperfect. We come equipped with a tackle box of flaws. But instead of focusing on the faults, you can focus on making your relationships better and on establishing new, empowering relationships. Passions. If youre looking for the perfect job, its not out there. No matter your vocationâ€"even if you land your dream job,  in which you pursue your passions every dayâ€"there will be moments of despair, moments of tedium, moments of doubt. But thats okay. Instead of those moments, you can focus on the joy experienced by cultivating your passions; you can focus on the fulfillment you get from improving everything you do in tiny ways each day. Every area of life is filled with imperfection, but we neednt neurose over every blemish. I am not, however, advocating being average. The average person is not happy with his life. I refuse to be run-of-the-mill. Id rather fail miserably than saunter down the alley of mediocrity. Instead, Im advocating passionately pursuing what you love and doing so with vigor, knowing that there will be shortcomings and mistakes along the way. Im advocating learning from those failingsâ€"even appreciating themâ€"because they allow you to grow. And thats what life is about. Over time, Ive learned to take feedback for what it is. Sure, there are some cynics and hypocritical assholes out there, and Ive learned to pay them no mind (although thats not always easy). But most people who provide advice are simply attempting to help; they are contributing to the greater good. This feedback allows us to evolve, it allows us to expand and live more meaningful lives. That doesnt mean that I apply every bit of feedback I receive, but I do consider the meaningful, value-adding observations and take action accordingly. Ive also learned how to better deal with imperfection. Ive learned to do three simple things to change my state when I feel overwhelmed or bothered by my foibles. Breathe. When Stress knocks on my door, Ill take a walk and focus on my breathing. Deep, diaphragmatic breaths change our physiology, calm us, and provide our bodies with the oxygen we need. Focus. If we focus on the negative, well feel fear, loneliness, jealousy, and every other negative emotion we can conjure from within. Conversely, if we focus on the positive, well feel joy, happiness, and contentment. Much of how we feel is directly associated to what we focus on. Beliefs. Similarly, whatever we believe becomes our reality. If we believe people are rotten and hateful, then well find all the flaws in even the nicest people. But if we believe people are kind and caring, then well find glimpses of perfection in every miscreant and reprobate. The same is true for any event or situation in which we are involvedâ€"it is whatever we believe it is. Read a longer version of this essay: Imperfect Is the New Perfect.

Comparing The Girl With A Pearl Earring And Mona Lisa

Name Professor Course Date Comparison of the Girl with a Pearl Earring and Mona Lisa The Girl with a Pearl Earring and Mona Lisa are the two most famous portraits ever painted (Courtauld 36). The girl with a pearl earring follows the Mona Lisa painting, which is considered as the most famous painting. The girl with a pearl earring, by Johannes Vermeer, and the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci were created during the same historical time. Historians believe that Leonardo da Vinci created his art piece between 1503 and 1506. The girl with a pearl earring was created in 1665. The masterpieces were both created using oil. The medium for the girl with a pearl earring was oil and canvas while Mona Lisa was created using oil and wood. They were both from the genre of portrait art. The two portraits are associated with mysteries that have baffled analysts and historians for many years. First, the identity of the women was vastly unknown. The exact identity of the woman in the Mona Lisa has remained a mystery. While searching for answers, historians sought to know the time when the portrait was created. According to them, the portrait must have been created when Francesco Del Giocondo and his wife purchased a house in 1503 or during the birth of their son in 1502. Thus, some analysts conclude that the portrait was dedicated to the wife of Francesco Del Giocondo. The nature of clothing often backs the argument. The gown and scarf represented an aristocratic status. TheShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesArt Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutt erstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std

Expansion of Western Europe - 1095 Words

The expansion of Western Europe started with the Iberian phase. Spain and Portugal, the two countries of the Iberian Peninsula, had a short-lived yet important role in European expansion. European expansion then turned to Western Europe. Western Europe consists of the Dutch, French, and British. While Western Europe was exploring new worlds overseas, the Russians were expanding westward across all of Eurasia. Religion played a major role in expansion for both the Portuguese and the Spanish due to their extensive anti-Muslim crusade. Due to the over zealous religious fervor of the Christian Iberians, Christianity and thus the Iberians expanded into parts of western Europe during the crusades as Christians tried to convert the Muslims who†¦show more content†¦(p.349) The age of the conquistadors began with Cortes expedition to the Yucatan. After months of vicious fighting, Cortes toppled the Aztec empire and gained control of Mexico. Another Spanish conquistador, Pizzaro defeated the Inca Empire and gained control of modern day Peru. Their conquests lead to the further exploration of both North and South America. In the period between 1600 and 1763, Spain and Portugal were overtaken and surpassed by the powers of Northwestern Europe- Holland, France and Britain. (p.357) Due the lack of Iberian activity in the north Atlantic the northwestern Europeans, led by imperialism, set out to tap the resources of North America. Through the effort of Sir John Hawkins and Francis Drake, England was able to Break boldly and openly into the Iberian imperial preserves-into the Portuguese east as well as into Spanish America. (p.359) Toward the end of the 16th century the Dutch had set their sites on Portugal s empire in the east. By 1602, through their acquisition of their various private trading companies, the Dutch had formed the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch also strengthened their economic power through the harvesting of coffee and taking over the whal ing industry. Through various wars with Britain and France during the late 17th century the Dutch stronghold was weakened. In the 18th century Holland gave way to Britain and France. (p.363) Britain and France battled for colonial supremacyShow MoreRelatedThe Expansion Of Western Europe929 Words   |  4 Pagesoptions to facilitate their expansion into Western Europe. These include exportation, licensing, or foreign direct investment in the form of a wholly owned subsidiary. Each of these options presents risks and benefits that must be evaluated before an entry-strategy is formulated. Export from the United States For an exportation strategy, this organization would manufacture their new computer domestically and ship it overseas for sale (Hill, 2014, p. 230) in Western European markets. The financialRead MoreA Discussion Of Faith Rose Surrounding The World Trade Center1630 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognize that much of the western misunderstanding of Islamic practice and background is because of the large expansion of Christianity in the 7th and 8th century which the Battle of Tours had become one of the most important battles in macro history. Between the 7th and 8th Century in eastern Europe, Islam’s military expansion was incredibly large, as it resulted in the Islamic Empire becoming one of the most powerful and influential religious and military based powers in Europe. Muslim conquests lastedRead MoreIntroduction. Islam And Medieval Christianity Have Had1229 Words   |  5 Pagesthese two Abrahamic religions allowed for them to develop in differing ways in Western and Eastern Europe. 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Crosby believes that temperate zones, climates similar to that of Europe, allowed European biota to thrive, which allowed for European expansion. Crosby discusses the Norse invasions and the Crusades as examples of how Europeans were not able to expand. Crosby claims that climateRead MoreThe Image of Medieval Western Europe Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesThe image of medieval western Europe can be attributed to political, religiou s, economic, and cultural factors. The impulse of expansion, unity under Christianity, trade, and education were key developments within the factors. Ultimetly, these developments contributed to the advancement of medieval western Europe in the postclassical period. The medieval government in western Europe exercised feudalism which also established the structure of political powers. 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Established member states want a democratic sub-continent which will support expansion towards Eastern Europe. Next I evaluate the literature in order to establish whether EU institutions have the real power to impact the quality ofRead MoreSummary Of The Making Of Europe Conquest, Colonization And Cultural Change1045 Words   |  5 Pagesactually existed, it ought to have been in medieval Europe. Certainly the Biblical parable of linguistic unity and its following collapse parallels all too closely with the rise and fall of the Roman Empire, with a splintered Europe emerging from its shadow. And it is the events within this particular shadow that Robert Bartlett discusses in his book The Making Of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 930-1350. Bartlett explores medieval Europe, discussing the particularly crucial years of

Earliest Form of Buddhist Education to Be Found In Vietnam Free Essays

Buddhism entered Vietnam during the beginning of first century CE. By the second century Buddhist visited a central region in Vietnam known as the Luy-Lau centre. This centre is now in the Bac-Ninh province. We will write a custom essay sample on Earliest Form of Buddhist Education to Be Found In Vietnam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Luy-Lau was the capital of Vietnam and this is the reason it was an important place for the Buddhists to visit. On their way to china monks stopped at this central region and taught people about Buddhism. Many teachings were translated in this central region such as Mahayana sutras and the Agamas. These were translated into Chinese as Vietnamese culture and religion is influenced a lot by the Chinese culture . Vietnam is influenced by Chinese culture because Vietnam was occupied by Chinese during the 111 BCE and 939 CE . GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF VIETNAM Vietnam has Cambodia and Laos to the west and Chinese colossus, Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Thailand and Burma to the east and south. The eastern most part of Vietnam reaches India. The coastline is almost 2,500 kilometers. This coastline spreads from Mong-Cay, which is in the north to Cambodia. In early days Vietnam was the region between India and China which is actually a peninsula. This was formerly known as Funan and Campa. Being so near the two most densely populated countries, Vietnam had a lot of influence from their culture, politic and religion . BUDDHIST INFLUENCE Vietnamese are very religious. They practice quite a number of religions like, Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism etc. Buddhism first came in North Vietnam . It was then known as Giao-Chi. These were Indian or Chinese Buddhists who came here from either land or sea routes and started influencing people. Giao-Chi became the centre of everything by the end of second century as the Indian merchants started doing trade there, and with them they brought monks also. Buddhism was very influential at that time, as we can see that these traders brought monks with them because they were called the â€Å"calmer of the sea† . These monks were priests who later started preaching their religion in Vietnam. It became easier for them, because Giao-Ching was the central place where every traders and foreign travelers, Chinese and Indians met. Moreover the merchants rested here also if they were travelling between India and China. Thus monks and priests had one central place to preach their religion. They started missionary activities and as a result monasteries were built. This was the first time that monasteries were built in Vietnam during the reign of Si-Nhiep. The very first few monasteries were built in a province of North Vietnam which is now known as Ha-Bac. This was formerly known as Luy-Lau, as mentioned in the Introduction that it was the centre of missionary activities . THE FIRST BUDDHISTS IN VIETNAM The earliest form of Buddhist education was found to be given by a Taoist who later became a Buddhist. Before him, it is said, that several missionaries from China came to preach Buddhism . During the rule of Si-Nhiep, two monks named Ma Ha Ky Vuc and Khau Da La came to Vietnam. These were Indian monks. Tu-Dinh from Khmer kingdom requested them to stay there in Vietnam. The second monk however refused and went back where as Ma Ha Ky Vuc stayed. Tu-Dinh was a very religious man himself and used to fast for several days. This he said helped purify his body and soul. These two were the first monks to reach Giao-Chi. After them a Chinese Buddhist preacher named Mau-Bac came to Giao-Chi. During the time when Mau-Bac came to Giao-Chi, China was in serious political chaos. Due to this several monks and scholars came to Vietnam. Giao-Chi was under the rule of Si-Nhiep back then and was considered a safe place. Mau-Bac after coming to Vietnam studied Buddhism from an Indian monk named Ksudra. Ma Ha Ky Vuc, who had come to Vietnam before any of these, with the help of Ksudra and Mau-Bac started promoting Buddhism in Vietnam. These were the first people who started to promote Buddhism and their teaching is the very early form of Buddhist study to be found in Vietnam. After Mau-Bac many monks started to propagate Buddhism. Khang Tang Hoi and Cuong Luong Lau also came to Giao-Chi during the third century. Khang Tang Hoi entered a monastery when he was ten and from there started studying and practicing Buddhism. Apart from Buddhism he also studied literature, astronomy and other subjects. He translated many books relating Buddhism into Chinese. Though he was Indian born but is considered as a Vietnamese Buddhist. Cuong Luong Lau like Khang Tang Hoi also translated many Buddhist books in Chinese . The main Buddhist centre was Luy-Lau at that time; it is now known as Ha Bac and is situated in North Vietnam. Phap Van was a famous monastery in Luy-Lau and during the second and third century was famously known as â€Å"the school of doctrine† and â€Å"the lotus school†. In 968 A. D, when King Dinh Tien Hoang came in to power, Buddhism in Vietnam changed. It entered a new era. Buddhism now had a hierarchy of monks and priests and it was now accepted by the court. As Buddhism was now supported by the royal court many changes took place. Buddhists were respected and were asked advice before taking decisions. Buddhists were involved in many political and religious decisions. During this period Buddhism was at its best. It was the most predominant religion. Many kings and emperors after this period were Buddhists. Many laws came into practice in this era, which were influenced by Buddhism. Van Hanh, who is also known as the meditation master is of this era. Any ruler who was not Buddhists was at least the supporter of Buddhism. In 1010 A. D, almost eight monasteries were built in Ha Bac. All other monasteries and Buddhist temples were also repaired. Tripitaka texts, which were in China initially, were brought in Vietnam. Thousands of Buddha statues and paintings were made and set up. Festivals were set up. Many new monasteries such as Sung Kharh monastery and monastery at Mount Ba were built. In 1086 A. d Dai Lam monastery was built in Ha Bac. Later in 1118 A. D Thien Phat was built which had almost 1,000 Buddha statues . BUDDHIST STUDIES IN VIETNAM Buddhist studies in Vietnam can be divided in to four eras. 1. From the entrance in Vietnam to the first century 2. From 11th century to 14th century, which was the best era of Buddhist studies 3. After 25th century, which was the time of declination of Buddhism 4. Present Buddhist studies in Vietnam People have different opinions about the exact date on which Buddhism entered Vietnam. It is believed that Buddhism entered Vietnam in first century A. D; some people believe it was the year 189 of the Christian era. Historians say that Meou-Po, who was a Taoist before he became a Buddhist, was the first person to make any Buddhist teaching in Vietnam. Though many missionaries came before him, but they only laid grounds on which it became possible for Meou-Po to enter and teach Buddhism. It was very difficult to teach Buddhism at that time as very little literature was available. Vietnamese had no written script; hence a few translations were made in Chinese. The era between 544 and 602 was an independent era and was helpful in spreading Buddhism. Though there was some progress, in this era but the real progress was made during 603 to 939. During these years two major missionaries entered Vietnam. Vinitaruci and Vo-Ngon-Thong led these two missions separately. Almost 20 shrines were built at that time and there were about 500 monks preaching Buddhism day and night. These shrines were a gift from the Chinese government. During 939 and 968 there was not much development in case of Buddhist studies. In 939 Chinese reign in Vietnam ended. Buddhist teachings paused during these years, but only in Vietnam, in China Buddhism went under a lot of scrutiny. When Dinh-Bo-Linh came in to power, Buddhism started to prosper. He acted as a protector of the religion and Buddhism was studied and adopted by many people till Dinf-Bo-Linh’s reign till 1009. The emperor made Ngo-Chan-Luu the head of Sangha (Community of Buddhist monks). Ngo-Chan-Luu was a monk, scholar and a poet. The emperor was very much impressed by this monk who was good at Zen meditation. The emperor used to take advice from Ngo-Chan-Luu in matters of politics and military. Due to his good advices and performance he was made Imperial Councillor. He got the title of Khuong Viet which means servant of Vietnam. Ngo-Chan-Luu proved to be a very good monk and helped in spreading Buddhism. During this time Tripitaka was brought from china for the first time with the help of Vietnamese missions. People in Vietnam were taught how to read and write in Chinese characters, as Vietnamese lacked written script. This helped the scholars learn more by reading more books on Buddhism and translating others into their language. Hence the monks of those times were much learned and were respected a lot all over the country as there were very few people who could read and write. A scholar at that time was respected a lot and as most of the scholars were Buddhists, people started to go to them in order to learn. This helped spread Buddhist teachings . Buddhism expanded a lot during 1031 as almost a hundred temples were built during this era. A lot of Buddhist ceremonies were held and they were exempt from taxes. In 1049, the emperor built the Dien-Huu temple which was actually what he saw in his dream. He later ordered it to be constructed the way he saw it in between an artificial lake. It is one of the most famous monuments in Hanoi and is known as Temple of single column. Ly-Thanh-Ton, who reined Vietnam in 1054, was a true Buddhist. During his time food and clothing were distributed among the poor. He used to reduce the punishment of prisoners also. Hence Ly-Thanh-Ton, who tried to follow the steps of Asoka, was a very great Buddhist. In 1069, when Vietnam was at war with Champa, the emperor brought back a few prisoners. What he did not know was that one of these prisoners was a Buddhist monk. When the emperor found out about him he inquired him and discovered that he had a great knowledge of Dharma. The emperor got very impressed and allowed him to preach his religion in the Khai-Quoc temple. It was also found out that he was a Chinese monk who was actually trying to preach and practice Buddhism when he was caught. The emperor was a true Buddhist and praised scholars, and hence allowed this Chinese monk to stay in the temple. Now Buddhism was under official protection and could be spread more easily and therefore Buddhism continued to be taught among all the Vietnamese. Many writings of that time show the studies of Buddhist scholars . After this emperor all the other emperors also got interested in Buddhism. Most of them followed Zen meditation and practice. One of them became a monk and abdicated from his post of emperor. The Ly Dynasty was spread over a period of 215 years. This was the only dynasty during which the religion of Buddhism was at its climax . After this came the Tran Dynasty, during the early years of which the spread of Buddhism slowed down. Though the emperors of this dynasty were more inclined towards Buddhism, but none the less during the first seventy years of this dynasty the Buddhist studies did not prosper as it did before. One of the emperors became a monk and started practicing Zen. The last dynasty definitely proved to be the climax of Buddhism, as it was now declining. China started to reign again and due to this Confucianism started to prosper and made developments in various aspects such as philosophy and literature. Taoism grew and prospered, whereas Buddhists were stopped from preaching and practicing their religion. Buddhists books were burned and temples destroyed. This dropped the level of Buddhists studies in the country. When Vietnam got independent in 1428, it was thought that now it will be easier to renew Buddhism and spread its studies from the beginning. However, this proved wrong and Buddhists studies did not budge. Buddhism lost its original touch and purity and people started mixing it with different ideas. No new temples were allowed to be built at that time and this also hindered the prosperity of the religion. Many monks were sent back to their lay lives and were stopped from preaching Buddhism saying that they were incompetent to do so . During 1528 and 1802 new Zen sects were developed. Temples were built and Buddhism was supported a lot. Lord Tr? nh Giang ordered rebuilding of temples. Almost 6,000 workers worked day and night to build temples of Quynh Lam and Sung nghiem. In South of Vietnam Thien Temple was built which still stands. This Temple is equipped with its famous bell which is very resonant. Chinese monks were allowed to preach their religion and therefore they moved around whole of the country teaching and preaching Buddhism. Though many efforts were taken, yet Buddhism had such distorted form that monks were made to reside over ceremonies, Buddha was taken as a god and gifts were presented to his statue. This shows that the actual Buddhist religion had changed a lot and almost nobody knew and practiced the actual teachings of Buddha. THE IMPACT OF BUDDHIST EDUCATION The impact of Buddhist education was very great. It not only effected the religious beliefs but also had a great impact on every other day to day activity. Music, which was influenced by Indian music because of the monks coming from India, was used in religious ceremonies. Today out of eight musical instruments almost six are Indian. These instruments were taken by Indian monks, first to China and then to Vietnam. It will not be false if we say that India and China are solely responsible for spreading Buddhism in Vietnam. Though China influenced mainly the northern areas whereas, India influenced the south; China had more impact on Buddhism in Vietnam than India had. The reason is that China was in contact with Vietnam for thousands of years and had an influence on the politics and culture of the country. India had a lesser impact as Indian merchants went to Vietnam solely for business purposes. They sometimes took it as a resting place on their way to China. Hence they had no interest what so ever in the religion in Vietnam. However, there is certainly some influence on their religion and culture by the Indians, as the first monks to enter Vietnam for the purpose of preaching their religion were Indians. Buddhism gradually spread all over Vietnam. Though there are quite a few religions practiced in Vietnam, but almost two thirds of the population practices Buddhism. People sometimes do not have clear vision for example today a Buddhist may visit Taoist temple. These sometimes lead to superstitions and practices which show their ignorance towards the religion. Sometimes even monks do not have clear concepts about Buddhism. Buddhism really had a very strong impact on the culture and behavior of common man. People have better morals due to Buddhism. Even people who are not educated know that bad deeds will result in bad results. They know that they should be kind towards the people. Buddhists teachings are ordinary things which everybody should know. The motif of Buddhism is Lotus Flower. Monks are vegetarians and their teachings are based on purity and compassion. BUDDHISM CONCEPT IN VIETNAM Buddhism in Vietnam is mainly Mahayana. This Mahayana tradition has compassion as main entity. They take main words or buzzwords from Buddha like, Enlightenment, Delivered etc. The monks of Mahayana tradition try and improve their spiritual life. This spiritual life is then translated into action which is based on truth. During the decline of Buddhism in Vietnam, the monks were just an entity to receive gifts in the ceremonies. Today due to the movement in 1920, they know what ceremonies are actually for. They now have clear concept. They have texts and books to refer to and find meditation as the best tool. The General Buddhist Association in Vietnam is a very dynamic organization representing Buddhism in the country. It represents the true picture of Buddhism in the country. They have done efforts, held conferences in order to not only promote Buddhism but paint a clear picture about the fundamentals of Buddhism. Buddhism has prospered leaps and bounds in the country. Though there are many rival religions in the country, Buddhism is by far the most popular one. As mentioned earlier, almost two thirds of the population practices Buddhism. During 968 it was made the state religion. Buddhism in Vietnam is no wonder superior than any other religion there, as it is not only accepted publicly but also helped in the moral and spiritual training of the general public. People believe it and accept it by heart. They call it the religion of compassion. The imprint of Buddhism can be seen in art and literature as well. Music has also been inspired from it. A European author writes: â€Å"Buddhism was the first foreign influence which had a powerful bearing on the evolution of Chinese thought; and the effect of such an influence was to rekindle, stimulate and develop to the highest pitch not only the religion but also all the other spheres of its civilization A casual glance, even by one who is almost completely unaware of the spiritual world of China, at the plastic arts of China shows how completely they stem from the spirit of Buddhism and how wonderfully they blossomed forth during the Buddhist period† As Buddhism in Vietnam is influenced a lot from China and India, hence it can be said that the Chinese really had an impact on Vietnamese paintings, culture, literature and art. How to cite Earliest Form of Buddhist Education to Be Found In Vietnam, Papers

Its A Wonderful Life Essays - Films, Its A Wonderful Life

Its A Wonderful life Picture a young child full of life and happiness. The love of his parents shows through his eyes, smile, and tears. Some people would like to think that those things about a child are exactly what make life wonderful. People who think that way have no idea how right they are. Its a wonderful life to know that your parent's dreams live on in you. The dream of a mother; that her son will be a doctor. The dream of a father; that his son will some day become a major league baseball player. Most of all when its all said and done, that a child can say as a man, "Its a Wonderful Life". "It's a Wonderful Life" are true stories about events that took place in my life that will be with me forever. I can remember when I was a little boy, I played my first game of baseball. My grandfather practiced with me the whole week before the game. Catching and throwing that baseball seemed like a basketball in my little hands. My grandfather showed me how to place my feet in the batters box and how to bat. From that day on, I was in love with the game of baseball. Now that I look back I wonder what meant more to me, catching that baseball or the fact that my grandfather taught me the game. As I grew older and more mature I learned a lot about my grandfather. I was told stories about his life and what a great ballplayer he was. He could have gone pro, but he didn't have the support of his parents. Instead he went ahead and joined the army. It would kill most men to come that close to their dreams, but if you ask him it was a wonderful life. I was now a teenager at the age of sixteen, and it was time to get my driver's license. This was a day that every parent dreads, and my mom was one of them. I can remember asking my mother for the car keys so that I could take my road test. I detected a small smile under her rolling eyes and stone hard frown. My mom understood how she felt when she got her license. It meant freedom and responsibility for someone she raised from a baby. I can still remember mom saying, "You damn kids grow up too fast" as a single tear rolled down her face. That night I didn't even leave the house. My mother and I talked for hours about how it was when she was young. It was an enjoyable evening just talking to her. It was a wonderful life. Graduation day from high school never comes soon enough, so we think. Until the day is over then we wish half our lives we could get back to that time. It was the sixth of June 1996, graduation day. I never felt so happy to have a piece of paper in my hand. That paper was worth four years of my life. It symbolized my stressful days at school. It meant four years of baseball, football, and wrestling. The years of my life that were hard to endure, but so easy to look back on. These were the days that tested my knowledge and spirit. These are the people and places that will live in my memory forever. There was a place called "Tanner Park". This was the place everyone went to get away from it all. People showed off their cars and threw around the old football. The girls there wouldn't give me the time of day, but yet I still managed to have fun. I remember the all night parties that seemed to never end. Although these four years of my life were during my childhood, they helped make it a wonderful life. My life is not over. The life I live is far from over. I don't regret any of the things that I've said or done because they are what make up my life. The dreams my parents have for me live on in my heart everyday along with my own. It doesn't matter if those dreams become reality, for I know I've put my best effort forward and that my dreams will live on in my children. That's what will make my life truly wonderful.

Explorations in Arthurian Legends

Explorations in Arthurian Legends The legends tell us that Arthur was a wise and powerful king, who ruled from a giant and glorious castle and who commanded the loyalty of hundreds of men.First and foremost of these followers were the Knights of the Round Table. That greatest knight in skill of arms, Lancelot, pledged his loyalty to Arthur, is testament to the fact that the king was worthy of such admiration, both as a king and as a warrior.War was a way of life in Arthur's day. Just after he pulled the Sword from the Stone, he hurried to Bedegraine and defeated a rogue band of 11 powerful men who had rebelled against his leadership.He faced constant pressure from the Saxons and the Picts and the Irish and the Romans; in the end, he faced a mortal threat from his own men.He was also the backdrop against which many other adventures took place.English: LancelotBeginning with Chretien de Troyes, writers wrote adventures of Arthur's knights, telling us of their wonderful adventures and of courtly love. The court, of cour se, was Arthur's. In a sense, Arthur was moved above the day-to-day adventures his knights having and put on a pedestal as the symbol of what a knight could hope to achieve.He was also the one whom everyone looked up to and whom everyone trusted to pass judgment if they had a dispute. Important men bowed to his authority and his wisdom. He held court and was the arbiter of justice. He made his own laws and enforced them himself, with the respect of his subjects. He fought in battles and sent his knights out to do battle. As such, he was both king and battle commander.Later, Arthur was said to have conceived a son out of matrimony; Guinevere was said...

Middle School Science Fair Projects

Middle School Science Fair Projects It can be a challenge to come up with a middle school science fair project idea. There is fierce competition to come up with the coolest idea, plus you need a topic that is considered appropriate for your educational level: Elementary School ProjectsMiddle School ProjectsHigh School ProjectsCollege Projects This is your chance to shine! Middle school students may do alright with projects that describe or model phenomena, but if you can answer a question or solve a problem, you will excel. Try to propose a hypothesis and test it. Aim for a typed presentation with visual aids, such as pictures or physical examples. Choose a project you can do fairly quickly, to give you time to work on the report (no longer than a month). Schools may prohibit projects using hazardous chemicals or animals, so play it safe and avoid anything that might raise red flags with your teacher. Can you significantly affect your household water bill or electric bill (water or energy usage) by making a change in you or your familys behavior? For example, you might track changes you are making, like shorter showers or turning off lights, and record the utility usage.What household waste materials might be used to filter water? Examples of materials you might try would include banana peels and coffee grounds.What materials glow under black light? Can you use the UV light to find invisible, possibly smelly, stains in your carpet or elsewhere in your house?Will chilling an onion before cutting it keep you from crying?Does catnip repel cockroaches better than DEET?What ratio of vinegar to baking soda produces the best chemical volcano eruption?What type of plastic wrap prevents evaporation the best?What plastic wrap prevents oxidation the best?What percentage of an orange is water?Are night insects attracted to lamps because of heat or light?Can you make Jello using fresh pineappl es instead of canned pineapples? Do white candles burn at a different rate than colored candles?Does the presence of detergent in water affect plant growth?Can a saturated solution of sodium chloride still dissolve Epsom salts?Does magnetism affect the growth of plants?How does the shape of an ice cube affect how quickly it melts?Do different brands of popcorn leave different amounts of unpopped kernels?How accurately do egg producers measure eggs?How do differences in surfaces affect the adhesion of tape?If you shake up different kinds or brands of soft drinks (e.g., carbonated), will they all spew the same amount?Are all potato chips equally greasy?Do the same types of mold grow on all types of bread?Does light affect the rate at which foods spoil?Can you use a household water filter to remove flavor or color from other liquids?Does the power of a microwave affect how well it makes popcorn?Do all brands of diapers absorb the same amount of liquid? Does it matter what the liquid is (water as opposed to juice or... um.. urine)? Do all dishwashing detergents produce the same amount of bubbles? Clean the same number of dishes?Is the nutritional content of different brands of a vegetable (e.g., canned peas) the same?How permanent are permanent markers? What solvents (e.g., water, alcohol, vinegar, detergent solution) will remove the ink? Do different brands/types of markers produce the same results?Is laundry detergent as effective if you use less than the recommended amount? More?Do all hairsprays hold equally well? Equally long? Does the type of hair affect the results?What effect do additives have on the crystals? You could add food coloring, flavorings, or other impurities.What steps can you take to maximize crystal size? You can affect vibration, humidity, temperature, the  rate of evaporation, purity of your growth medium, and time allowed for crystal growth.How do different factors affect seed germination? Factors that you could test include the intensity, duration, or type of light, the temperature, the amount of water, the presence/absence of certain chemicals, or the presence/absence of soil. You can look at the percentage of seeds that germinate or the rate at which seeds germinate. Is a seed affected by its size? Do different size seeds have different germination rates or percentages? Does seed size affect the growth rate or final size of a plant?How does cold storage affect the germination of seeds? Factors you can control include the type of seeds, the  length of storage, the  temperature of storage, and other variables, such as light and humidity.What conditions affect the ripening of fruit? Look at ethylene and enclosing a fruit in a sealed bag, temperature, light, or nearness to other pieces or fruit.How are different soils affected by erosion? You can make your own wind or water and evaluate the effects on soil. If you have access to a very cold freezer, you can look at the effects of freeze and thaw cycles.How does the pH of soil relate to the pH of the water around the soil? You can make your own pH paper, test the pH of the soil, add water, then test the pH of the water. Are the two values the same? If not, is there a relationship between them?How close does a plant have to be to a pesticide for it to work? What factors influence the effectiveness of a pesticide (rain? light? wind?)? How much can you dilute a pesticide while retaining its effectiveness? How effective are natural pest deterrents?

The People vs. the Profiteers by David Rose Essay

The People vs. the Profiteers by David Rose - Essay Example He works incessantly on the behalf of Americans, based in Orlando. Halliburton would be a company, as well as other private contractors, that are operating in Iraq, somehow using the money of the American tax payers. Grayson is fighting a battle against some of these private contractors, many of which are major companies such as Halliburton, plus an oil company that former Vice President Dick Cheney served as the chief executive officer for several years. However, another enemy that has jumped on board is the United States Department of Justice. While Grayson has worked in several cases where there was fraud, the Department of Justice stepped in his way when it came to trying to expose companies of fraud during the Iraq war. This is a political venture and a scandal. When considering political science in this nature, if the President or any members of his Cabinet, or Dick Cheney were aware of these things that were going on by using American money to operate business, then something should have been done. It was the administration lying to American taxpayers about where their tax money was going. It was not used to fight the war in Iraq, clothe children in the United States, help the poor or the elderly. Instead, it was money to help the rich become richer. Ironically during the war, Halliburton became very valuable with their stock jumping significantly from the start of the war to 2006. The CEO netted at least $30 million in compensation. What a crooked world we live in. As oil enthusiasts, Cheney and George W. Bush, of course they were going to help some of their buddies become more rich by operating in Iraq. One might say that it is rather coincidental that Cheney happened to be a former CEO of one of the companies in question. It seems as if it was no coincidence after all. The money was there and it was secretly slid over to these corporations. The Department of Justice is more than likely trying to step in to try to keep the scandal behind closed doors. It is similar to any other scandal that occurs on a national level that somehow ties to the administration. Nixon's expose with Watergate was one of the major blunders of that administration. This one is on a different scope entirely and affects millions. The article by Rose introduces the audience to one of Grayson's clients, Bud Conyers, just a middle aged man in Oklahoma who just so happened to be an independent contractor working in Iraq. He was a driver for company, Kellogg, Brown and Root, a major construction company. Prior to the war in Iraq, the Pentagon awarded money to restore the Iraqi oil industry and another that provides logistic support services to the American military. When Conyers was asked to repair a refrigerated truck in Baghdad, he found something that is jawdropping. While an engine is required to control the refrigeration from a truck, this one that had been out of operation for a couple of weeks of course would not be keeping anything inside of it cool and there seemed to be a rancid smell coming from it. Upon opening the refrigerated portion of the truck, Conyer saw pieces of a total of 15 dead Iraqis. The bodies had come from a mortuary unit of the United States mortuary sector. While it is not unusual for something like this to happen, it is clearly stated by governmental regulations that once a truck has been used to haul corpses, it can not ever again haul items for human consumption such as food or drink because of the possible diseases that could be

Two Questions 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two Questions 3 - Essay Example Because of his inability to exert proper cost control, Lopez was relieved of his responsibilities in 2008, and Gabriella Garcia became head of Consumer Products Research. Garcia vowed to improve the performance of CPR and scaled back CPR’s development activities to obtain favorable financial performance reports. In terms of profit, Garcia did a better job than Lopez as a result of scaling back the project development. When profits are low and management is looking to cut costs, spending significant amounts of money on research and development is not the appropriate tactic. R&D is expensive and, as the timeline of two years from project initiation to implementation under Lopez demonstrates, there is no return on investment reflected in the financial statements until well after the products are brought to market. During times of low profit margins, development has to be scaled along with cost initiatives to keep management and investors satisfied. Even though Lopez developed good ideas, his efforts at cost control failed because there was no actual cost cutting and no immediate impact on revenues. While it could be argued that, given enough time, Lopez’s management would have yielded greater profits at lower costs. Management’s focus on profitability, however, precluded the comp any’s ability to focus on R&D to the extent that Lopez intended. Garcia, however, reduced—but did not eliminate—development while simultaneously focusing on cutting the costs related to current market offerings. This had an immediate impact on the company’s profitability and management was no-doubt pleased with the results. The issue here was time. It does take time to develop innovative products and bring them to market. This effort, however, cannot be the sole focus unless the company is currently in a strong financial position and can absorb the R&D costs until the new products are in place. Simply stated, the company could not afford

Relevant leadership theories in relation to Steve Jobs

Relevant leadership theories in relation to Steve Jobs Introduction The topic of leadership has continued to be a subject of interest in the modern world both from practitioners as well as academics and the extensive research for decades has not exhausted the topic (Bennis W. , 2007). Leadership has an influence on all the facets of business. Organizations are often successful because of the set of relationships existing between the leaders and the followers. Through this essay efforts are made to apply relevant leadership theories in relation to Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Inc, one of the most commended leaders of recent times. An attempt is made to evaluate Steve Jobs leadership style using the following theories Hersey-Blanchard Situational Theory (Hersey Blanchard, 1988), Transactional Leadership (Bass, 1985; Adair 1990), Transformational leadership (Goodwin, Woffard Whittington, 2001; Tichy Devanna, 1986; Yammarino Dublinsky, 1994, Bass, 1990)theory will be used. After reviewing the literature on leadership theories relevant to this case study, based on the frameworks it will be argued whether Steve Jobs can be considered as an effective leader. Literature Review Today leadership is the one of the most known management topic at the same time attempts to understand still represents a challenge. A single definition cannot encompass many aspects of leadership (Bennis Nanus, 1985:4; Pfeffer, 1977; Kenny Zaccaro, 1983; Lord, DeVader, Alliger, 1986; Kirkpatrick Locke, 1991). The various theories of leadership help to solve somewhat the ambiguity of the definition . One of the reason for popularity to the leadership topic is that leaders action or inaction can effect people, not only in the success of an enterprise, but also in social field i.e.a group, an organization or a larger entity or a nation. (Hollander, 1992) The review of literature shows the concept of leaders trait and characteristics in the earlier studies of leadership {Bass (1990); Curphy, and Hogan (1994);S. A. Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) ; Kenny and Zaccaro (1983); Zaccaro, Foti,et al., (1991) ; Ferentinos (1996); Howard and Bray (1988)} and later theories considering various contextual environment of leadership along with the followers (Hollander, 1992). The research on leadership has evolved from the great man theory to the trait theory to behaviourist theory to Situational theory to contingency theory to transactional theory and to transformational leadership (Bolden, Gosling, Marturano, Dennison, 2003) Hersey Blanchard situational theory (McKenna E. , 2000) This model adopt consideration to relationship and task behaviour . It extends these two dimensions of leadership to four styles i.e. tell, sell, participation, and delegation. Maturity consists of two parts-job maturity and psychological maturity. Job maturity relates to technical knowledge and task-relevant skills. Psychological maturity relates to feelings of self-confidence and ability, peoples willingness to take responsibility for directing their own behaviour. Emphasis is placed on matching a style of leadership to the maturity of subordinates, and this relationship is important in determination of leadership effectiveness (Hersey Blanchard 1982). Tell : A task oriented and directive style where highly immature subordinates would be told what to do. Sell: A relationship oriented style where Subordinates on the low side of maturity, would be persuaded that a particular course of action is the most appropriate. Subordinates on the high side of maturity will be treated with a certain amount of consideration and support would be allowed to Participate in decision making . Delegation: where subordinates, highly mature will be considered capable of exercising self-direction and self control, and a high degree of autonomy. Most important in Hersey and Blanchards theory is the focus on truly situational nature of leadership and their recognition of the need for behaviour flexibility on the part of the leader (Yukl, 1981). Barrrow (1977) and Yukl (1981) argue that though the model is prescriptive for measuring leader style, style range, and effectiveness it merits much less favourable evaluations. The concept of task-relevant maturity that has been conceptually ambiguous. According to a study by Graeff (1983), it has internal consistency problems, substantial conceptual contradiction, problems with the conceptual definition of relationship behaviour and inconsistent arguments regarding the appropriateness of participative decision making contribute. Transactional and Transformational Leadership Transactional leadership occurs when one person takes the initiative in making contact with others for the purpose of an exchange of something valued; that is, leaders approach followers with an eye toward exchanging (Burns, 1978) In transactional leadership, leaders gain control of their subordinates through praise, intimidation and coercion. The transactional leader specifies the standards for compliance, and may punish followers for being out of compliance with those standards (Bass Avolio, 1997). Transactional models of leadership emphasize the implicit social exchange, or transaction, that exists between leader and followers as a feature of effectiveness. This transactional approach emphasizes a more active role for followers, with the potential for two-way influence, rather than coerced compliance (Hollander, 1992) According to Bryant (2003) Consequence of transactional leadership workers are not motivated to give anything beyond what is clearly specified in their contract. Workers may also choose to utilize their excess brain capacity by consulting or starting their own business if they are not challenged and rewarded for extra effort in the firm. The transactional leadership theory is known for its in-ward looking and self-satisfying feel, known to be most appropriate for a culture with stable conditions. (McKenna E. , 2006). Burns (1978) idea of the leader as a transforming agent has been applied to organizational leadership by Bass (1985) and Bennis and Nanus (1985) especially as a source of exceptional performance. The essential point is that the leader strives to go beyond the bounds of the usual to bring about a change in followers thinking that will redirect their action(Fiedler House, 1988). The central concept in transformational leadership theory is change and the role of leadership in envisioning and implementing the transformation of organisational performance (Bolden, Gosling, Marturano, Dennison, 2003) Transformational leaders create an atmosphere conducive to knowledge creation, sharing and exploitation. In particular, by using charisma, encouraging intellectual development and by paying individual attention to workers, transformational leaders motivate their workers to create and share knowledge. Transformational leaders inspire workers on to higher levels of innovation and effectiveness.(Bryant, 2003) Transformational leadership has been shown to have a positive relationship with performance.(Lowe, Kroeck, Sivasubramaniam) Despite the support that transformation leadership theory received there are still weakness which is identified by Yulk (1999) that is the transformational behaviours are found to be missing in Bass (1996) which are identified as inspiring (infusing the work with meaning), developing (enhancing follower skills and self-confidence), and empowering (Providing significant voice and discretion to followers). Authors (Bass 1985, 1996 ; Pawar Eastman, 1997; Pettigrew, 1987) are of the view that the situational variables which are missed may increase the likelihood of transformational leadership or moderate its effect on followers. Transformational leadership theory can have several detrimental consequences for the organisations as identified by (Harrison 1987; Stephens, DIntino, and Victor (1995); Porter, L. W., Bigley, G. A. 1997) first is that followers transformed to high degree of emotional involvement which makes them burn out their long-standing stress secondly, was being biased toward the top management, customers at the cost of others of the employees thirdly, different leaders with competing visions can create role ambiguity and role conflict. Bass and Steidlmeier (1999) argue that transformational leadership is unethical, it may appeal to emotions rather than to reason and it lacks the checks and balances of democratic discourse and power distribution. Yulk (1999) argues that the theory deals primarily with the leader follower behaviour and has given less attention at the group and organisational level. Part three Background to Case Study Critical Analysis In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula, and others, designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. Steve Jobs is the CEO of Apple, which he co-founded in 1976. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of the mouse-driven graphical user interface which led to the creation of the Macintosh. After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher education and business markets. Apples subsequent 1996 buyout of NeXT brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he has served as its CEO since 1997. Steve also co-founded and was the CEO of Pixar Animation Studios, which created some of the most successful and beloved animated films of all time including Toy Story, A Bugs Life, Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Cars and Ratatouille. Pixar merged with The Walt Disney Company in 2006 and Steve now serves on Disneys board of directors. Jobs also previously served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney. With Steve Job , Apple commands a dedicated consumer base and is know for its premium brands like iPad, iPhone, iPod, iTunes etc . Apples success is known under Steve Jobs Leadersip. Although it is not easy to characterize Steve Jobs leadership style to any one particular theory, to evaluate his leadership style two theories of leadership will be used the Transactional and Transformational theory and secondly the Hershey Blanchards situational theory. Steve Jobs leadership style seems to be both transactional and transformational theory. According to Bass (1985) and Burn (1978) both these theories more complementary than being competitive. Steve Jobs as a Transformational Leader As per the above literature review, transformational leaders are charismatic, vision oriented, encouraging intellectual development of their followers, inspiring and motivating to higher levels of effectiveness. The aspects that strongly claim that Steve Jobs leadership shows signs of transformational leadership is his charismatic personality. According to Rakesh Khurana (2002) Steve Jobs, the New Age wunderkind of Apple revered for his sucess in introducing people to the personal computer that could gaurantee our freedom (Khurana, 2002). As Steve Wozniak , the co-founder with Jobs of the Apple , tersely noted : he can always couch things in the right words . Steve Job is described as heart and soul of Apple. (Patterson, 1985) What was visionary about Jobs approach -where he surely added value- was his evangelical zeal to show people the future potential of the product. With this vision as foresight has caused Jobs to be dubbed the priceless proselytizer.(Uttal, 1985) Cocks (1983) argues that Apples co-founder, Steve Wozniak, blodly stated that Jobs did not understand computers, and the actual design of the machine has been widely credited to Wozniak. But as Wozniak also said, it never crossed my mind to sell computers. It was Steve who said Lets hold them up in the air and sell a few. It was Jobs who insisted that the computer be light and trim, well designed in muted colors. Jobs likewise pushed his engineers to make machines that will not frighten away a skittish clientele. (Cocks, 1983) Butcher (1988) argues that Jobs a perfectionist, adn as the organsiation gre, many in Apple experienced this as intolerance and self-absorption. Steve Hawkins an employee said Jobs such a perfectionist that people can never please him , hes extermly ambitious , almost to the point of megalomania.(Butcher, 1988) Transformational leadership is about encouraging innovation, bringing about a change in the thinking of its followers and being visionary in implementing transformation in the organisation performance. Steve Jobs as a transformational leader is seen in his efforts to bring innovative digital technology to mass consumer so that they can open their wallet(Deutschman, 2001). Evidence of Steve Jobs vision in making innovation accessible was Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software and Internet offerings (Young, 2005) In terms of motivation and inspiring employees to give their best of performance is a characteristic of transformational leadership . Evidence of Steve Jobs motivating and inspiring his employees is when Job when first spoke of any new idea to his employees not everyone thought it to be a successful product also at times the employees were not keen on working on such new ideas. But Jobs along with his employees was able to convert the innovative ideas into a technology which changed the way digital technology is used today . Whether it is the Macintosh computer or the newly launched ipad or iphone. It was Jobs leadership which motivated and inspired and Apple created the systems and structures that were able to convert knowledge into a valuable product. Job challenge engages his employees to reach nearly impossible goals(Bryant, 2003) (MCB UP Ltd, 2002). Job used inspiring speeches to keep his employees motivated and convey his innovative ideas to them(Harvey, 2001) Butcher (1989) agrues with an evidence by Steve Hawkins, employee of Apple puts it that most of the people werent good enough for him and would really be in a state of shock after encounters with Steve. Also Steve was very ambitious along with perfectionist and that caused a lot of trouble with moral. Young (2005) adds that apple employees were pushed to the best of their capability and performance and interactions with Steves were the ones which most of the employees feared. According to Peter Elkind (2008) Steve job has conflicting behaviours and he often had his subordinates to tears and in his angry temper he fires the employees. And yet the top management has worked with him for years and they give credit Jobs for the best job they ever did was only with him.(Elkind, 2008) Steve Job in an interview stated that he has really capable people and his job is to make the whole of his executive team good enough to be successors, so thats what hes trying to do, to push them he has aggressive visions (Morris, 2008). As an Evidence the discussion of Steve job with Morris (2008) sheds light to the criticism made by researchers Steidlmeier (1999); Yukl (1999) about the transformational leadership style in the literature review and steves transformational leadership style shows the unethical or unmoral dimensions of transformational leadership style. Also Steve jobs interactions are limited to the top management and he states that his job is to work with sort of the top 100 people, among the 20000 people at Apple. This shows his interactions are not closely related with the majority of his employees. (Morris, 2008) Steve Jobs as a Transactional Leader In addition to the above arguments about the leadership style of Steve Job. Bryant (2003) is of view that Job exhibited a combination of transformational and transactional leadership style and this helped him sucess in Apple. According to Bryant (2003) Job when visited the Xerox Parc and he took a vision of how future computers should operate. And he made his employees create the systems and structures in his company Apple where knowledge was converted into valuable products e.g. the Macintosh personal computer. The transformational leadership style was used in his vision to change the way personal computer will be operated in future and transactional leadership style was used when he incorporated his vision into reality by making his the products with the help of his employees. In an interview with Morris (2008) Steve talks about his role in the company is to recruit at the same time focus on its strategy and manage the whole business from different departments and people of the company and this is a characteristics of a transactional leadership style. Hersey Blanchard situational theory applied to Steve Jobs Steve Jobs leadership style is more reliant on his followers skills and capabilities. The Hersey Blanchard situational theory model emphasis on matching a style of leadership to the maturity of subordinates this relationship shows the determination of leadership effectiveness as mentioned in the literature review. The way job leads and his style relates to this theory . The delegating style M4-S4 is evident from Steve interview with Morris (2008) where he says that if he has hired good people and they have potential he would give them a business and left them run on their own and when a good idea comes, part of my job is to move it around, just see what different people think, get people talking about it, get ideas moving among that group of 100 people, get different people together to explore different aspects of it . The participating style M3-S3 of Hersey Blanchard situational theory is where Jobs talks about the way he takes a new idea to his employees is the environment of excellence and how his employes are self motivated , he does coach them at first and inspires them and then the employees surprise him time and again with the best of their performance (Gendron, 1989). In aanand2010-08-29T23:01:00 Did not get this para. Review it televsion interview (Cringely, 1996) Steve jobs telling style M1-S1 was evident Where he argues that he is committed to the vision and rather than for money and that he has been there always for the ultimate good of the company and there has been cases where they stopped their internal work and people did not like it and but he got a better deal for the company . this radical nature of dealing with things shows he used telling style of the Hershey Blanchard theory. Conclusion: personal reflection and recommendation In contrast to Steve Job, the managing director at my work place was a person who believed in group work at the same time allowed creative talent and ideas from each person. He involved employees in the decision making and took individual views on various projects of the company. The success of Apple following return of Steve Job is credited to the effective leadership Steve has used. The review of the literature and the theories applied to Steve Jobs and my personal experience has opened my mind to areas where Steve style of leadership can progress and can be further developed. According to Bass (1985) Leaders are central to the process of creating cultures, structures and systems that fosters knowledge creation, sharing and cultivation. Certain Industries have faster rates of technological, higher level of regulation and higher competition levels and these factors impact the leaders of the organisations (Bryant, 2003). Hence, a lesson learnt from leadership is that a leader can judge the situation and can adapt different style of leadership and this makes a leader more effective and efficient. In Steve jobs style of leadership a soft approach adopted with his employees will prove him to be more affective. Because his job involves handling people who are highly knowledgeable in the field of technology, being soft on his employees or benevolent leadership can help him get best of their performance and in return profit from his human resources and realise his vision.

Highway Marking Paints Essay

This report has been created as per the details of the letter received on 18th March from Morris Hordern, Senior Engineer of the Highways Department, and contains the results of the tests conducted by Proactive Consultants Inc. on all the available new highway paints. On the basis of our tests and in our professional opinion, Centrex’s new paint TL is the best option for highway marker painting. Highway Marking Paints 2 This project was carried out in order to test the suitability of the newly available range of highway marking paints which claim to be of better quality in terms of visibility, spraying characteristics and speed of drying. The marker painting was conducted between 12 a.m and 6 a.m. The following table documents the consolidated results of our study. The paints are lined up in the table on the basis of suitability, the best one being the first in the table. Paints that did not meet the minimum standards (as specified by ASTM D-711) of twenty minutes drying time, good spraying characteristics(as prescribed by Paint Manufacturers Association’s specification PMA-02-28H) and visibility of 7 and 6 after three months and six months of traffic wear respectively have been eliminated. Codes assigned to the paints on 25th March, 2010 (the start date of the tests) have been used to eliminate any chance of bias or manipulation. The tests were conducted on two stretches of highway- Highway 17 (concrete surface), 1.5 miles north of the intersection with Highway 43. Highway 43 (asphalt surface) 1 mile west of the intersection with Highway 17. Visibility has been rated as per the judgment of myself and 4 other drivers associated with Proactive Consultants Inc. Day visibility is judged from a distance of 500 yards (500 being a perfect 10). The points drop by two for every 100 yards less of visibility. These tests were conducted on 25th June, 2010. Night visibility is judged using high beam from a distance of 200 yards (visibility from 200 yards being a perfect 10). The points drop by two for every 40 yards less of visibility. These tests were conducted on 25th September, 2010. Based on our tests, the two best paints for highway marking are WC (which is Hi-Linear Products white paint- HILITE) and YR (which is Centrex Inc.’s new TL yellow paint) The two paint are almost equal in terms of quality. Centrex’s TL yellow paint takes 3 minutes less to dry, has slightly better visibility on concrete, after both 3 months and 6 months. The HILITE paint takes 3 minutes more than Centrex’s paint to dry has slightly better visibility on asphalt after both 3 months and 6 months. In my professional opinion, Centrex’s new TL yellow paint is the most suitable on for highway marker painting for the following reasons: 1) It is the strongest paint overall, better suited for highway marker painting than any other white or yellow highway paint, 2) Centrex is a company with which the Highway Department has been working and is thus a trustworthy source.

The Laws On Wildlife Trade In India International Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3894 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction An adult rhinoceros in Africa, during his late night walk, falls in a dug pit lined with spikes to die a slow and painful death. Another rhino in India touches a cable wire that sends 11Kwatt jolt through its massive body, electrocuting it. Their horns are pulled out. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Laws On Wildlife Trade In India International Law Essay" essay for you Create order Price of each horn being: US$450,000. Deep inside a tiger sanctuary, a carcass is laced with deadly poison as bait for the unsuspecting tiger. The tiger eats the dead meat only to die a horrific death. Price: On request ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ because every little body part of tiger is shamefully high to quote. An unsuspecting Slow Loris is trapped. Its canine teeth are brutally extracted using pliers, without any anesthetic, to prevent it from biting. It is joined by hundreds of others as a major consignment. It endures this painful hell and infection only to be sold for $.4, 500 Pregnant mothers are killed to get the unborn fetal lamb. The fetal pelt is made into exquisite fur. A coat made of broadtail fur of 30 fetal lambs fetch anywhere between $13,000 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ $25,000. (Source: https://treesouls.com/wildlife-conservation/illegal-wildlife-trade-in-india-the-blackmarket- of-life/) The instances of thi s gory trade are varied many and more horrific than the other. Trade in wildlife has reached unprecedented levels. From small time poaching and hunting, it has grown into a well-organized, sophisticated network across the world, which carry out a trade ring worth an estimated 6 to 20 billion dollars worldwide (MoEF, 1994), second to narcotics trade in magnitude. The global wildlife trade includes primates, ivory from African elephants, orchids, live birds, reptile skins, butterflies, animal furs, and tropical fish. 3 China has always been the biggest consumer of the wildlife produce, placing itself on the first spot. This comes as no surprise as traditional Chinese medicine comprises of the natural flora and fauna in its various forms. USA accounts for an estimated 70% of the worlds illegal wildlife trade. USA is the emerging biggest consumer and grandest market for illegal wildlife trade. The west European countries and Far East form the third largest chunk of buyers while Africa, central Asia and the Caribbean are emerging as the largest sellers of illegal wildlife products. India, home to many species like tiger, elephant, rhino, snow leopard, and musk deer, which are highly valued in this trade, has consequently become a target for poaching and export of wildlife products. Wildlife Trafficking and Trade in India India prizes itself in its natural wealth and bio diversity. The number of plants and animal species contained in our national boundary are innum erable and priceless. Boasting of varied climes, abundant and exquisite flora and fauna makes India an ideal destination for nature lovers, tourism and now the illegal traders of wildlife. India is one of the leading suppliers of the most coveted wildlife products like Tigers, rhinos, birds, plants. India is strategically placed between the supplying and buying countries. It has the twin advantage of abetting this trade and it does it pretty well. Many countries import many wildlife and its products from India. This has made many species to fall in the categories of vulnerable or endangered species and even go extinct. Man is not sparing any species starting from deer to tigers to owls. Illegal wildlife trading is as frequent as mans greed in India. 4 Indias Stance on Wildlife Trade and Illegal Trafficking India has always been struggling to save it natural wealth. There are many individuals, organizations and Government bodies that realize and champion the cause of the wildlife. Efforts have been on since many decades to eradicate and contain the illegal trade menace. Some noteworthy causes are: World Wildlife Fund ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ WWF was formed on April 29, 1961, and its first office was opened at IUCNs headquarters in Morges, Switzerland. H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands became the organizations first president. WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by 5 million members globally. Using the best available scientific knowledge and advancing that knowledge, they work to preserve the diversity and abundance of life on Earth and the health of ecological systems by I. protecting natural areas and wild populations of plants and animals, including endangered species; II. Promoting sustainable approaches to the use of renewable natural resources. (Source: https://www.worldwildlife.org/who/History/index.html) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ It was passed under article 252of the Constitution at the request of 11 states was intended to provide a comprehensive national legal framework for wildlife protection. The Act adopts a two pronged conservation strategy: 5 I. Specified endangered species are protected regardless of location, and II. All species are protected in specified areas. Under Amendment 42nd, 1976, Article 48-A was introduced: The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. Similarly, Article 51-A imposes fundamental duty as under: It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. After the introduction of Entries 17-A and 17-B was introduced in the List III of the Seventh Schedule, the Parliament was empowered to enact laws without recourse to Article 252. This Act has been amended in 2002 and it is evident that the Act has been enacted for the following two purposes: I. To provide for protection of wild animals, birds and plants and for matters connected therewith or ancillary o r incidental thereto. II. To ensure the ecological and environmental security of the country. Section 2 deals with definitions like animal, captive animal, habitat, hunting etc. it also discuss about the National Parks, Protected Areas, Reserve Forest, Sanctuary wildlife etc. National Board was formed under the Section 5 of the Act to frame policies and advising Central Government and State Government. Article 9 says: No person shall hunt any wild animals specifies in Schedule I, II and III of the Act. (Source: Environmental Law by P.S. Jaswal and Nishtha Jaswal) 6 CITES ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. CITES was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of IUCN (The World Conservation Union). The text of the convention was finally agreed at a meeting of representatives of 80 countries in Washington DC., United States of America, on 3 March 1973, and on 1 July 1975 CITES entered in force. India is a member of CITES. About 5,000 species of animals and 28,000 species of plants are protected by CITES against over-exploitation through international trade. (Source: https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/what.shtml) TRAFFIC ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ It was established in 1976. It is an organization governed by TRAFFIC Committee, a steering group composed of members of TRAFFICs partner organizations, WWF and IUCN. A central aim of TRAFFICs activities is to contribute to the wildlife trade-related priorities of these partners. TRAFFIC also works in close co-operation with the Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). TRAFFICs global network is research-driven, action-oriented, and committed to delivering innovative and practical solutions to wildlife trade issues based on the latest information. (Source: https://www.traffic.org/overview/) 7 Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ It was founded in 1994 by Belinda Wright, its Executive Director, who was an award-winning wildlife photographer and filmmaker. WPSIs main aim has been to bring a new focus to the daunting task of tackling Indias growing wildlife crisis. It does this by providing support and information to government authorities to combat poaching and the escalating illegal wildlife trade particularly in wild tigers. It has now broadened its focus to deal with human-animal conflicts and provide support for research projects. It is a registered non-profit organization, funded by a wide range of Indian and international donors. (Source: https://www.wpsi-india.org/wpsi/index.php) Wildlife trust of IndiaÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ It is a non-profit conservation organization, committed to urgent action that works towards the protection of Indias wildlife. It was formed in Nov 1998. The principal concerns include crisis management and provision of quick, efficient aid to individuals or habitat. The core team includes scientists, field biologists, conservation managers, lawyers, veterinarians etc. WTI is a registered charity in India (under Section 12A of the Income Tax Act, 1961) and is mandated by its Board of Trustees to ensure that 85 % of all specified donor monies go to the field. (Source: https://www.wti.org.in/pages/about-wti.html) 8 Coalition against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ India and USA, in cooperation with several other governments and organizations, have jointly entered into an agreement to curb and contain the wildlife trade. The objective of this coalition is to curb the trade, enhance anti-trafficking law enforcement, rescuing wild animals and returning them to their native habitats, etc. its main aim is to focus public and political attention and resources on ending the illegal trade in wildlife and wildlife products. (Source: https://www.cawtglobal.org/about/) 9 Cases regarding wildlife trading (Source: www.wildlifelaw.in) Indian Handicrafts Emporium Vs. Union of India AIR 2003 Sc 3240 The manufacturers and sellers of articles of art and craft made of ivory challenged the 1991 Amendment to WLPA that prohibited trade in imported ivory. They had not disposed of the ivory within the stipulated period. The High Court upheld the amendment. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined the constitutional challenge and held that the prohibition of import of ivory is fully justified under Art 19 (6) of the constitution. A trade which is dangerous to ecology may be regulated or totally prohibited. Implementation of Directive Principles is within the expression of restrictions in the interest of the general public. Balancing the social interest and the fundamental rights, a total prohibition is reasonable. Justice SB Sinha held: The principal object for which dealing in ivory imported from Africa had been prohibited was to see that while holding the stock the people may not deal in Indian ivory which may be procured from illegal killings of Indi an elephant. The Amending Act indirectly seeks to protect Indian Elephant and to arrest their further depletion. Wildlife forms part of our cultural heritage. Animal plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance. The amendments have been brought for the purpose of saving the endangered species from extinction as also for arresting depletion in their numbers caused by callous exploitation thereof. It was held that not only trade or occupation in relation to ivory in question is prohibited but possession or any transfer thereof in any manner whatsoever is prohibited under the Act subject, however, to the provisions of sub-sections (1), (3) and (6) of 49-C of the Act. 10 Balram Kumawat Vs. Union of India Ors. CJI, S.B. Sinha Arun Kumar. CASE NO.: Appeal (civil) 7536 of 1997 Appeal (civil) 7537 of 1997 in the Supreme Court of India DATE OF JUDGMENT: 27/08/2003 JUDGMENT: S.B. SINHA, J: QUESTION: Whether mammoth ivory imported in India answers the description of the words ivory imported in India contained in Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (hereinafter referred to as the said Act) as amended by Act No. 44 of 1991 is the question involved in these appeals which arise out of a common judgment and order dated 20.3.1997 passed by a Division Bench of the Delhi High Court. FACTUAL BACKGROUND: The appellants M/s Unigems had imported mammoth fossil said to be of an extinct species in the year 1987. The stock of mammoth fossil held by the appellants is said to be periodically checked by the statutory authorities. The appellant in the other case Balram Kumawat is a carver. The appellants state that mammoth ivory is distinguishable by visual and non-destructive means visa- vis elephant ivory and even in Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) their distinguishing features have been pointed out. As Mammoth is an extinct species and as what is being used for carving is its fossil which is called ivory because it has white and hard dentine substance which is also available in other 11 animals, namely, Whale, Walrus, Hippos and Warthog; it was urged, they cannot be included in the term ivory within the meaning of the provisions of the said Act. FINDINGS: In the connected matter in Indian Handicrafts Emporium Ors.Vs. Union of India Ors. (Civil Appeal No. 7533 of 1997) disposed of this date; this Court upheld the constitutional validity of the provisions of the said Act. This Court held that in terms of Sub-Section (7) of Section 49-C of the Act all persons in general and traders in particular have become disentitled from keeping in their control any animal article including ivory imported in India. This Court further held that as a logical corollary to the said finding, the statutory authorities would be entitled to take possession of such ivory in terms thereof; the purport and object of the Act being to impose a complete ban on trade in ivory. A complete prohibition has been imposed in the trade of ivory (whether imported in In dia or extracted by killing Indian elephants) for the purpose of protecting the endangered species. The purport and object of the Act, as noticed in the judgment in Indian Handicrafts Emporium (supra), is that nobody can carry on business activity in imported ivory so that while doing so, trade in ivory procured by way of poaching of elephants may be facilitated. The Parliament, therefore, advisedly used the word ivory instead of elephant ivory. For the purpose of determination of the question, only the dictionary meaning of the term ivory was considered. The object of the Parliament was not only to ban trade in imported elephant ivory but ivory of every description so that poaching of elephant can be effectively restricted. 12 G.R. Simon and Others etc. Vs Union of India, and Others M. Jagannadha Rao, C.J., Anil Dev Singh and Manmohan Sarin, JJ. Decided On: 20.03.1997 Civil Writ Petn. Nos. 2750 of 1986 with 3586, 819 and 437 etc. etc. of 1987 and 207 of 1989 IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI ORDER In this case there are batches of writ petitions filed by the manufacturers, wholesalers and dealers engaged in retail trade of tanned, cured and finished skins of animals. Petitioners are also engaged in retail trade of articles made of skin, hereinafter referred to as the animal articles. The petitioners in the above writ petitions had challenged the introduction of provisions of Chapter VA in the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 by Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act 1986, together with notification issued hereunder as being violative of Article 19(1) (g) read with Articles 300 and 300A of the Constitution of India. The petitioners claim to have applied for licenses and were granted licenses in various categories and claim to have carried on their business as valid license holders. The schedule to the Act was amended in 1927 which included snake skin and the authorities stopped permission for export of snake skin. The impugned Act rendered joble ss the petitioners who carried on their legitimate trade, business and occupation, without any compensation. The petitioners, who had lawfully acquired skin and skin articles of animals already killed and had invested huge amounts of money, were deprived of their sources of livelihood. It resulted in extinction of fundamental rights of the petitioner under Article 19(1) (g). Court vides interim order made on 23-1-1987 permitted the petitioners to make the declaration of stocks. 13 The petitioners had been provided under the Act a period of two months to dispose of their stocks and as noticed above in fact as a result of petitions filed and orders passed, the petitioners have enjoyed the opportunity to sell for a period of nearly six years till February, 1993. Accordingly, the petitioners cannot have any legitimate grievance of denial of opportunity in this regard. Neither the State nor the Bharat Leather Corporation and the State Trading Corporation are under any legal obligation to buy the stocks of the petitioners in acceptance of the one time sale proposition advanced by the petitioners. The petitioners are also not entitled to any further time for disposal of stocks. The stocks of the petitioners would, therefore, be liable to be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. The provisions of Chapter V-A, introduced by the Amending Act of 1986 to the Wild Life Act of 1972 were held val id. Hence for the aforesaid reasons the writ petitions were dismissed. Discussion- Point here to be noticed is that India does not take long to abide law to any illegal activity but there is no authority to cross-check if the laws are strictly followed or not. Law is violated without fear and no stringent action is taken against it. Moreover, the law procedure is too lengthy to be implemented that illegal activities takes a new irreversible turn in the meantime. 14 Feel Good News Soon Rs 1 Cr fine for killing tiger Hindustan Times: 20th October, 2010 Wildlife poachers can soon be jailed for a minimum of seven years and fined at least Rs 30 lakh for killing endangered species, and the country will have two bodies to regulate international wildlife trade. The law ministry on Tuesday approved over 100 amendments in the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, bringing it in tune with wildlife protection laws across the world by including regulation of species not native to India, a requirement under a global convention on wildlife. Environment minister Jairam Ramesh said the bill, which strengthens the powers of forest and enforcement agencies, will be introduced in the winter session of Parliament after getting the cabinets approval. To provide the highest degree of legal protection to the most vulnerable animals against poaching, the amendments have put tigers, whose population is said to be less than 1,411, in Category 1. Other endangered animals in this category inc lude lions, elephants, rhinos, crocodiles and antelopes. Killing an animal in Category 1 could attract a minimum jail term of five years and maximum of seven. The fine prescribed ranges from Rs 5 lakh to Rs 1 crore. For species under Category 2, including endangered birds, the jail term suggested is between three to five years and fine of up to Rs 3 lakh. 15 For the cause of endangered wildlife Traffic India, a wildlife trade monitoring network, has released four brand new public service announcements as part of its ongoing Dont Buy Trouble campaign that advises tourists to be careful of what they buy as souvenirs during their travel to India. The posters send a clear message that it is not only the poachers and traders of endangered wildlife who are liable for punishment under Indias Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, but also those who purchase and use such items. Ignorance of the law is not an excuse, said a release issued by the Traffic India. Other posters warn against buying Shahtoosh shawls stating that for the making one shawl two or three Chirus are killed. Buying these shawls is a criminal offence and is punishable. (Source: https://www.traffic.org/home/?currentPage) Veerappan of North India imprisoned Hard News Magazine: 19th October, 2010 In a historic judgment a Delhi court awarded six years imprisonment the maximum term mandated by the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act to notorious wildlife trader Sansar Chand, also known as the Veerappan of north India. The case dates back to 1995 when he was caught red-handed with a leopard skin. Chand is considered responsible for the complete wipe-out of the big cat from the Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan. According to wildlife law enforcers, around 250 tigers have fallen prey to Chands vicious demand for tiger parts. This judgment has brought cheer to many conservationists who hope it can dissuade people from entering and pursuing the banned trade. 16 3 sentenced to jail for wild boar poaching Kendrapada | Monday, Oct 25 2010 A Judicial Magistrate First Class (JMFC) court of Pattamundai under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 has remanded three poachers, who were arrested on Saturday for killing a wild boar, in to police custody. Dangamala Forest Range Officer Durga Charan Sahu said the three accused trapped a wild boar by entering illegally into the Kantika Forest block under the Bhitarkanika National Park.Later, they killed the wild boar and sold its meat at Talachua and Tikayatnagar. Acting on a tip-off, a forest team conducted raid and seized the cooked wildboar meat from the house of one Subala Singh of Talachua village. The three arrested people were later produced before the court which remanded them into jail custody after rejecting their bail petitions. (Source: https://www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-70497.html) 1,600 kg of sea cucumber seized Naval personnel detained five fishermen and seized two boats along with 1600 kg of sea cucumber, an endangered marine species, in Rameswaram. Sources said sea cucumber poaching came to light when personnel of Naval Detachment of Rameswaram carried out random check on mechanised boats, which were seen near the Kothandaramar temple shore. While six fishermen of a boat, which had 900 kg of sea cucumber, escaped after abandoning the boat, five fishermen of another boat were secured with 600 kg of sea cucumbers, which were alive when they were brought to the shore. Later, they were produced before the Judicial Magistrate court in Rameswaram, which ordered 15 days judicial custody. On the direction of the court, sea cucumbers were destroyed. 17 (Source: https://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/enablers/traffic/news_from_trafficking_trade/) Long way to goÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ Wildlife trafficking has grown into such a lucrative number that it testifies the fact that there is no end to man wants, greed and insensitivity. The trade has spread in all sections of society and continues to grow. If left unchecked, this will soon spell the end of several ecosystems on which man depends. India is still plagued with illiteracy, poverty etc. this only pushes the need for quick money, without giving a second thought to its consequences. India lives in mindset that views animals as resources that should be used, when in need. To protect animals requires a sea change in the way animals are seen. India has wildlife laws that are very stringent but have no means to enforce them. Reason is corruption. The money is spent on good causes but mostly reaches the wrong pockets. The main need of the time is waking up of people sensitivity towards this issue. They should start feel for the country and its ecology rather than their own greed. Ignorance, coupled with insensitivity, rules. Active cooperation of the public is needed. There should be more a participatory approach to wildlife conservation. Though government is trying to look the matter from new perspective and the involved officials are doing a committed job but a lot is demanded from the common man. The consequences have to be imprint into them so that their duty overheard their greed. 18 We need to change- Wildlife extinction is so connected with all eco-systems that a slight tilt in its balance causes unimaginable disturbances in our normal life we are the direct and indirect consumers of life. The change needs to come within us. We must understand and curb the ways in which we are contributing to the offence. Stop buying wildlife and wildlife parts and products made by using them. If there are no buyers, there will be no sellers and no poachers then. We must be a part of organizations who indulge in protecting the wildlife. We must educate people and spread awareness. We must report any instance of illegal trade that we come across. We must realize that these ecosystems have sustained mankind for so long. And now, its our turn to sustain it. 19